554 NCR ED-DIN MAHMUD 



NUREMBERG 



resemlile the Itroohs (q.v. ) of Scotland. Nurhage 

 is reganb-d by Dome as an alioriginal word mean- 

 ing ' tin- circle' or ' hearth ; ' liy some as derived 

 from \nra, an old name of Minorca, where sucli 

 towers (called taiyolt) are common. 



See Canon Spano's Xunt'ihitli t*irdrtina(W>7); .Tames 



]". ::--'.!]> Hist"."'/ a' /.'<"/ >'('/!( .1/..M ./...i,'.< ! H7'J I ; 



and Lieut. -onl. Sir'K. Lambert-Play fair'* Handbook to the 

 Mediterranean (1890). 



< Nur cd-Din Matimftd, MALEK AL-ADEL, 

 emir and sultan of Syria, was liorn at Damascus 

 in 1117. His father, Oniad ed-Din Zenghi, origin- 

 ally governor of Mosul and I)inrl>ekir under the 

 Sen uk sultans, had established hi.s independence, 

 and extended his authority over northern Syria. 

 Nur nl Min Mahmud succeeded him in 1)45, and 

 changed the seat of government from Mosul to 

 Aleppo. From this time onwards his life was one 

 long duel with the Christians the Crusaders, 

 Hospitallers, Templars, and Knights of the Latin 

 Kingdom of Jerusalem. The most notalile inci- 

 dents in this contest may lie briefly summarised. 

 ( 'mint Joscelin, in an attempt to recover his capital, 

 Edessa, was signally dlwomflted under its walls, 

 and Ills army almost annihilated. This gave occa- 

 sion to the second Crusade. The Crusaders were, 

 however, foiled by Nur ed-Din liefore Damascus, 

 and, being defeated in a number of conflicts, aban- 

 doned their enterprise. The emir next conquered 

 Tripolis and Antioch, the prince of the latter terri- 

 tory being defeated and slain in a bloody conflict 

 in June 1149; and before 1151 all the Christian 

 strongholds in Syria were in Nur ed-Din's hands. 

 He next took possession of Damascus (which till 

 this time hail l>een ruled bv an independent Seljuk 

 prince) in 1153. About tliis time a terrible earth- 

 quake devastated Syria, levelling large portions of 

 Antioch, Tripolis, Hamath, Hems, and other towns; 

 and Nur ed-Din devoted all his energies to repair- 

 ing the damage done. In 1157 the Christian orders 

 suffered a severe defeat near Paneas ; but an illness 

 which prostrated their enemy in 1159 enabled them 

 to retalce some of their lost territories. Recover- 

 ing, Nur ed-Din soon won back what hod been 

 taken from him, and turned his attention to Egypt, 

 then governed by the effeminate and degenerate 

 Fatimites. In 1168 his brother, Asad al-Din 

 Shirkoli, overran Egypt, but, dying soon after- 

 wards, was succeeded by his nephew, the cele- 

 brated Saladin (q.v.), who completed the conquest 

 of the country, arid restored the Sunnite faith. 

 This won for Nur ed-Din the gratitude of the calif 

 of Bagdad, who created him sultan of Syria and 

 Kgypt. Nur ed Min, however, grew jealous of his 

 able young lieutenant, and was preparing to march 

 into Egypt in person, when he died at Damascus in 

 Mav 1 1 73. This prince is one of the great heroes 

 of Moslem history. He was not a savage conqueror, 

 but zealously promoted the cultivation of the 

 sciences, arts, and literature, and established a 

 strict administration of justice throughout his 

 dominions; he was revered by his Moslem, and 

 greatly resi>ected by his Christian, subjects. 



Nuremberg (<Jer. Number//), a city in the 

 Bavarian province of Middle Kraiironia, in a sandy 

 but well cultivated district, on the little Pegnitz 

 (a sub afllucnt of the Main), 95 miles N. by \V. of 

 Munich and H."> KSK. of Frankfort. It is the 

 quaintest ami most interesting town of Germany, 

 on account of the wealth of mediaeval architecture 

 which it present in it- many-towered walls, its 

 gateways, its jiictnrraqne streets with their gabled 

 iionse-frontx, its bridges, and its beautiful Gothic 

 fountains. The Iturg or roval palace, built (c. 

 1024-1158) by Conrad II. and Frederick Ilarbarossa. 

 commands a glorious view of the surrounding 

 country, and is rich in paintings and wood- 



carvings; in its courtyard is a coeval linden tree. 

 Of eight tine churches the two finest are Si Ijvw- 

 rence (1274^-1477), with two noble towers 233 feet 

 high, exquisite stained gloss, the famous stone 

 tuliernacle ( 1495-1 50O) by Adam Knitl't. and the 

 wood-carvings of Veit Stoss ; and St Si-bald's 

 (c. 1225-1377), with the gnjierb shrine of I'eter 

 Vischer. Other noteworthy objects are the Italian 

 Renaissance town-hall ( 1022) ; the new law courts 

 (1877); the gymnasium, founded by Melanchthon 

 (1526); the Germanic museum (1852); an indus- 

 trial museum ( 1871 ) ; a library of 70,000 volumes ; 

 Albert Diirer's house ; and the statues of him, 

 Hans Saclis, and Melanchthon, with the ' Victoria ' 



Sclionbrunnen Fountain, Nuremberg. 



or soldiers' monument ( 1876). Although the glory 

 of Nuremberg's foreign commerce bos long since 

 passed awav, the home trade is still of high im- 

 portance. It includes the specialities of metal, 

 wood, and l>one carvings, and children's ' Dutch ' 

 toys and dolls, which, known as ' Nuremberg 

 wares," find a ready sale in every part of Knro|.e, 

 and are largely exported to America and the KaM. 

 In all there are close on 200 factories, producing 

 also chemicals, ultramarine, type, lead-pencils, 

 beer, &c. ; and the town liesidcs does a vast export, 

 trade in hops, and import trade in colonial wares 

 from the Netherlands. Pop. (1818) 2li.s:..J ; ( IST-'n 

 91,018; (1885) 115,980, of whom 24,213 were 

 ( 'at holies and 3738 Jews ; ( 1890) 142,590. 



First heard of in 1050, Nuremberg was raised to 

 ibe lank of a free imperial city by Frederick II. in 

 1219. In 1417 the Hohenxoflerni sold all tlieir 

 rights to the magistracy. This put an end to the 

 feuds which hail hitherto raged fietween the lung- 

 grafs and the municipality ; and Nnrcmlicig for a 

 time Iwcame the chiel home in Germany of the arts 

 and of inventions watches or ' Nurrmlieig 

 air-guns, glolx>*, \c. Simultaneously it grew rieh 

 with the fiuits of the great commerce which it 

 maintained between the traders of the East and the 

 other Kuropean marts. The discovery of the' ( 'ape 

 passage to India deprived it of its monopoly, and 

 the Thirty Years' \\ ar completed the decay of the 



