NU USING 



NUTATION 



Probationer* are also trained at the Hospital for 



Sick Cliililrrn, Croat Uimond Street, W.r. ; Man 

 Chester General Hospital and Dispensary for Kick 

 Children, Penilleliury ; and Itoval Hospital for 

 Sirk CbUdna. Edinburgh. Application should be 

 made in writing to the matron of any of these 

 hospitals. Many <>f the Irish hospitals, such as 

 the Muter Misericordia- in Dublin the largest and 

 finest hospital in Ireland are nursed by Sisters 

 of Mercy. 



Private nursing is in some respect* lioth more 

 difficult ami mure trying than hospital nursing. 

 The responsibility is greater as the doctor is not 

 always at hand, and the nurse has sometimes to 

 attend to her patient both night nnd day. The 

 pay is usually from I J to 3 guineas per week. 



Queen Victoria, Mug great interest in district 

 nursing, ilevoted the surplus of the Women's 

 Jubilee Offering, amounting to 70,000, to the 

 foundation of a systematic scheme for the training 

 and support of district nurses, to which was given 

 the name of Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute for 

 Nurses. The interest of this sum, about 2000, 

 is employed in the maintenance of central institu- 

 tions, where nurses are trained for this special 

 work. There are at present four of these centres, 

 in London. Edinburgh, Dublin, and Cardiff. 

 Nurses who have gone through the required train- 

 ing at any of these Homes are eligible to be 

 cn(ered on the roll of the Queen's Institute, and 

 are entitled to wear the biftlge as Queen's nurse. 

 The special teaching required, after a year of 

 hospital work, consists of six months' approved 

 training in a central district home, and, for country 

 members, three months' approved training in miif- 

 wifery. The scheme, started in 1887, has already 

 made great progress, and in different divisions of 

 the United Kingdom many branches are now work- 

 ing with much acceptance. This system offers a 

 rapidly extending field of usefulness to those who 

 wish to follow the profession of nursing, and there 

 is an increasing demand for candidates to fill the 

 growing number of vacancies created by the spread 

 of the movement. 



The army and navy nurses must all be ladies 

 of good social position, and reiinire to undergo 

 three years' training in a general hospital. They 

 are called Her Majesty's Nursing Sisters, and 

 may be ordered on active service in any war. 

 As a reward for special service they receive the 

 order of the Royal Red Cross. It is only of late 

 years that trained nurses have been employed in 

 our workhouse infirmaries, but it is now becoming 

 iiuite common to find them there. There is a great 

 demand for trained nurses to go abroad. The 

 lioyal National Pension Fund for nurses was 

 established in 1887, and promises to be of signal 

 service in providing for those who spend them- 

 selves in the struggle against disease and death. 



Most of the large hospitals in the British colonies 

 follow the example of the mother-country in regard 

 to nursing arrangements. In America the practice 

 of nursing is v-ry thoroughly taught in many of 

 the hospitals, particularly those in the north- 

 eastern states, such as the Bellevue Hospital in 

 New York, the Long Island Hospital in Brooklyn, 

 the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Hospitals in 

 Philadelphia, and the Massaciiu-otts Conoral Hos- 

 pital in Itoston. On the continent of Knrope the 

 employment of male nurses to attend male patients 

 in common, and in the Roman Catholic countries 

 the nursing of the hospitals is for the most part in 

 the hands of Sisters of Mercy. In Cermany a 

 great impetus was given to improvement* in nurs- 

 ing by the interci-t shown in the mallei by the late 

 Kiiiproiui Augusta, the Kmprcss Frederick, ami the 

 late princess Alice of Hesse. The training of 

 iiunten on the lines adopted iu Britain was 



instituted in Paris during 1877, by the establish- 

 ment of 1'Kcole de Uarae-maladea et d'Ambul- 

 ancieres. 



See Hiss Nightingale's Note* nn fTuniny (I860; 2d 

 ed. 1876) ; Dr J. W. Anderson, Medical JVumn</(1883); 

 Handbook of Nurriny (Phil*. 187); 8. \\ ', ir '.Mitc-h.ll 

 Hunt and Patient (Phil*. 1877); Kva C. E. LUckes, 

 Lectarttou General Nuning( 1884), Mid Hiainlal Sitttri 

 and UuirDutiet (1886) ; DrC. J. Culhngworth, Manual 

 of ffurtinij, ifedical and Sunjical (1883; 2d ad. 18*5); 

 J. C. Wilson, ferer Jfurtinp (Phila, 1888) ; E. T. Hruen, 

 OuUinei Jor the Uanayemtnt of lliet (PhiU. 1888) ; and 

 for much useful information, Burdett's Hotjntal Annual. 



\llt. in popular language, is the name given to 

 all those fruits which have the seed enclosed in a 

 bony, woody, or leathery pericarp, not opening 

 when ripe. Amongst the Vst-known and most 

 valuable nuts are the Hazel-nut, Bra/.il nut, Wal- 

 nut, Chestnut, and Cocoa-nut, all of which are 

 edible. Other nuts are used in medicine ami for 

 purposes connected with the art*. Some of the 

 edible nuts abound in a blond oil, which is used 

 for various purposes. In Botany the term nut 

 (nujr)is used to designate a one-celled fruit, with 

 a hardened pericarp, containing, when mature, 

 only one seed. The Achene (q.v.) was by the 

 older botanists generally included in this 'term. 

 Some of the fruits to which it is popularly applied 

 scarcely deserve to be so called. The ha/.e] nut is 

 an excellent example of the true nut of liotaiiNts. 

 The name nut, without distinctive prefix, is popu- 

 larly given in Britain to the hazel-nut, but in 

 many parts of Europe to the walnut. Many nuts 

 have a considerable commercial value, from their 

 being favourite articles of food : these are the 

 Hazel-nut and its varieties, the Black Spanish, 

 the Barcelona, the Smyrna, the Jerusalem filbert, 

 and the common filbert ; the Walnut, Chestnut, 

 Hickory, and Pecan ; the Souari, the Cocoa or 

 Coker nuts, and the Brazil or Para nut. For the 

 Pea-nut, see GiROUND-NUT. 



Nutation is a slight oscillatory movement of 

 the earth's axis which disturbs the otherwise cir- 

 cular path descrilied bv the pole of the earth round 

 that of the ecliptic, known as the 'precession of 

 the equinoxes.' It is produced by the same causes 

 viz. the attraction of the sun, moon, and planets 

 (the attraction of the last mentioned beingso small 

 as to be quite imperceptible) U|HMI the bulging zone 

 about the earth's equator, though in this case it is 

 the moon alone that is the effective agent. It 

 also, for reasons which need not lie given here, 

 depends, for the most part , not upon the position 

 of the moon in her orbit, but of t he moon s node. 

 If there was no 

 precession of the 

 equinoxes nutation 

 would appear as a 

 small elliptical 

 motion of the 

 earth's axis per- 

 formed in the same 

 time as the moon's 

 nodes take to com- 

 plete a revolution, 

 [he axes of the 

 llipse lieing re- 

 pectivelv l.S"-."> nnd 

 l.T'7, the longer 

 axes living directed 



aids the pole of the ecliptic. But this motion, 

 when combined with the more rapid one of preces- 

 sion, causes the pole of the earth's axis to describe 

 i wavy line round P, the pole of the ecliptic. 



The effect of nutation, when referred to the equa- 

 lor and ecliptic, is to produce a periodical change 

 in the obliquity of the ecliptic and in the velo- 

 city of retrogrodation of tne equinoctial points. 



