Ml 



OAK-APPLE DAY 



OATH 



of the |>et adapted tree*, owing to the facility with 

 which it Mtoobt or sends saplings ii|> from its root* 

 on lienig rut down. Copse wood nak is valuable 

 lor firewood, the making of charcoal for cooper 

 work, anil the making of crates, &c., while the 

 hark in always marketable lor the purpose of tin- 

 tanner. The acorns of all species of oak supply 

 oil in considerable quantity, which has been used 

 in cookery ami for other domestic purposes. 



.Manv other trees lioar the name oak |H>pu)arlv 

 applie<l. Thus, the I'oison Oak ( lthn.i toteieodtM- 

 ran), a climb nr small tree of North Ameiica. 

 Indian Oak ( Tectona ymnrfu), African (k (O/ti- 

 JiMta Afrieanii), anil Stone Oak (LtttoearptU 

 jaaanetuu), which belongs to 'he same natural 

 order with Quercus, are examples of the popular 

 bat erroneous use of the name oak. 



See Erel/n'i Sulra ( 1G64 ) ; Stni tfa Sylra ; Cunden'i 

 Areomtl of tlu ffrw f'orett ; i.ilp.n's Fomt Scenery i 

 London'! Artwrrtum Bntaanicum ; Tram. HujhlanU 

 ami Ayrie. Soe. (1881). 



Oak-applr Bay. See RESTORATION. 



Oak-applfs. See <; ALLS. 



Oakliailt. tin- count \ town nf Rutland, in the 

 vale of Catmose. i"> miles \VN\V. of Peterborough. 

 The castle, every peer passing which must forfeit 

 either a horseshoe or a line, is in ruins except the 

 hall, used for county luiBinesn. The line parish 

 rhurcli, with a lofty spire, was restored by Scott 

 in 1858-59 at a cost of 6100: and Archdeacon 

 Johnson's grammar school (1584; reconstituted 

 1875) has an endowment of 1200 a year. Beer, 

 boots, and hosiery are made. Pop. 3204. 



Oakland, capital of Alameda county, Cali- 

 fornia, is on the east side of San Francisco Hay, 

 4J miles from San Francisco. It is a beautiful 

 town, with wide streets adorned with evergreen 

 oaks, and surrounded with gardens and vineyards. 

 It is the terminus of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 

 and steam ferry-boats ply constantly to San Fran- 

 ein>. Itcsidcs numerous churches and schools, a 

 Congregational seminary, a large Roman Catholic 

 college ( 1889), and the state home for the adult 

 blind, the city contain- running factories, manufac- 

 tories of cotton and woollen goods, jute, iron, nail-, 

 hoe>, lottery, carriages, ami agricultural imple- 

 ment*. Pop. ( 1890) 48,682 ; ( 1900) 66,960. 



Oaks. See HnRSKKAriMi. 



Oakum, a tangled mass of tarred heni]ien 

 fibres, is made from old ro|>e by untwisting the 

 strands and rubbing the Mines free from each other. 

 Ib* principal ue is in Caulking (q.v.) the seams 

 between planks, the space round rivets, bolts, &c., 

 for the purpose of preventing water from penetrat- 

 ing. The teasing of oakum is well known as an 

 occupation for prisoners in jail. 



Oa'ftC* (through I-atin and Greek from the 

 Coptic ), fertile S|MI(S in a desert, due to the presence 

 of wells or of underground water supplies. The 

 best known and most historically famous are those 

 of the Libyan Desert and the Sahara; they occur 

 also in the desert* of Arabia and Persia, ami in the 

 Gobi. The I'r.-nrli have created many oases in the 

 Algerian d.-serts by sinking Artesian' Wells (q.v.). 

 The chief vegetation of the African oases is palms 

 especially date and doom palms; with barley, 

 rice, tun! millet, when the fertile urea is large 

 enough to admit of settled occii|i.-ition. In the 

 Libyan I tese.rt are theoa.se. of Siwa I where was the 

 temple of .lupiter Aminon : see AMMnN) in tin- 

 north, Farafa, Itahriya, Dakhel, and Khargeh (the 

 oatit magn/i, 120 miles \V. of Tlicl,,- i In the 

 western Sahara Tnat, 1000 miles S\V. of TriiM.li, is 

 the beat known ; in the eastern Sahara are Fezzan 

 (q.v.), Gadames (q.v.), Bilma(q.v.), and Air (q.v.) 

 or Asben. See DBSKKT. 



Oaf <*s. TlTUS, was born about 1650, the son of 

 a Norwich riblMin-weaver who, from an Analiaptist. 

 preacher under Croniwell, liecame at the Restora- 

 tion rector of All Saints. Hastings, where the Ixiy 

 WM baptised on -Jtith November 1660. He was 

 brought up at Oukham hchool. Merchant Taylors' 

 ( luHki), and Sedlescomhe in Sussex ; entered Cains 

 College. Cambridge (KMT); and two years later 

 was admitted a si/ar at St John's. Next taking 

 orders, be held several curacies and a naval chap- 

 laincy, but was as often expelled for infamous 

 practices, of which perjury wa.- not the worst. So, 

 III concert with a I'rotestiint alarmist, the Rev. I >r 

 Tonge, he resolved to concoct the 'narrative of a 

 horrid plot,' and, feigning conversion to Catholi- 

 cism, was admitted as 'Brother Ambrose' to the 

 Jesuit seminaries of Yalladolid and St Omer. From 

 lx>tli in a few months he was expelled for mis 

 conduct, but, returning to London in June 1678, 

 he forthwith communicated to the authorities his 

 pretended plot, the main features of wlm-h were a 

 rising of the Catholics, a general massacre of Pro- 

 testants, the burning of London, the assassination 

 of the king, and the' invasion of Ireland by a 

 French army. Charles treated the story with con- 

 tempt ; but Oates swore to the truth of it liefore :t 

 magistrate. Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, who on 

 17th Ictolier was found dead in a ditch mnnleied 

 probably by Titus and his confederates. All 

 London straightway went wild with fear and rage; 

 Shaftesbury skilfully fanned the excitement ; and 

 Oates liecame the liero of the day. A ]iension of 

 480 was granUnl him, and a suite of apartments 

 at Whitehall set apart for his use ; wherever he 

 went the mob cheered him as the 'saviour of his 

 country.' Bedloe, Dungerlield. and other wretcho 

 came forward to back or emulate his charges; the 

 queen herself was assailed; and main Catholics 

 were cast into prison. Some, thirty-five, of them 

 were executed, including live Jesuits and old 

 Viscount Stafford; but after two veal's a reaction 

 set in, and Oates was driven from liis rooms in the 

 palace. In May 1083 he was fined 11(H>,(>00 for 

 calling the Duke of York a traitor, and being 

 unable to pay was imprisoned ; in May 1685 he 

 \\;is found guilty of perjury, and sentenced to be 

 stripped of his canonicals, pilloried, Dogged, ami 

 imprisoned for life. The Revolution of Hiss > t 

 him at liberty; and a pension was even grunted 

 him of HOO ; but in l(i!Ki he writes to the Secretaiy 

 of State, describing his worse than utter destitu- 

 tion. He died 13th July 1705. See the Histories 

 of liurnet, Echard, Lingard, and Macanlay. 



Oath, in Law, is the declaration, attested by 

 the name of God, which is required on entering 

 certain public offices ami before giving evidence in 

 a court of justice. Of oaths taken on entering 

 ollice, the most impoitanl is the coronation oath, 

 ad ministered to the sovereign by an archbishop or 

 bishop of the Church of England in presence of all 

 the people (see CORONATION). The oaths required 

 to lie taken to goMMiiment by the holders of eel lain 

 offices have now licen reduced to three in numlier 



the oath of allegiance, the official oath, and the 

 judicial oath. The oath of Allegiance (q.v.), 'to 

 be faithful and lienr tine allegiance to her MajcsM .' 

 and the official oath, 'to well and truly serve her 

 Majesty,' must lie taken by all the principal officers 

 of stati' in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Short 

 forms of these oaths are provided in the Promissory 

 Oaths Act, 1808, and in a schedule appended to this 

 statute will lie found a complete list of the ollici.ils 

 to whom these different oaths are to lie tendered. 

 All the judges of the land on entering office, 

 take, in addition to the oath of allegiance, what is 

 known as the 'judicial' oath, 'to do right to all 

 manner of people after the laws and usages ,,f this 

 realm, without fear or favour, affection, or ill-wilL' 



