01U.ATKS 



OBSCENE PRINTS 



much with the external world, and that .subjective 

 which is rnninly based on introspect i< >n of mental 



In addition to tin- possibility of contusion arising 

 nut of cniieiit usage, it should lie remcml>ered tluit 

 in tin* inidille ages, and even in Descartes and 

 Spinoza, tuhjtet nearly meant the name an xnh- 

 ttunre (something highly real ); and in William of 

 Ockham ulijrrlirt is that which the mind feigns, 

 the image or representative idea an npiwaed to the 

 real ohjeet which exists indeiH-ndcntly. object 

 used ax 'eiul,' 'aim,' ' purpose (' with the object 

 of doing so and so') is a barbarous lint irrepres- 

 sible abuse. Coleridge is by no means the only 

 writer who fails to make himself clear ahont the 

 di.-tinction between ' omm-jective ' and 'sumin- 

 jective,' as Carlyle represents him. 



Oblate* (Lat. obtains, obtain, 'offered up'), 

 the name of a class of religious bodies in the Roman 

 Catholic Church, which differ from the religions 

 orders strictly so called in not being IMMIIK! by the 

 solemn vows of the religions profession. The insti- 

 tute of ohlates was one of the many reforms 

 introduced in the diocese of Milan liy St Charles 

 Horromeo, towards the close of the 16th century. 

 The tnemliera consisted of secular priests who lived 

 in community, and were merely liound hy a promise 

 to the bishop to devote themselves to any service 

 which he should consider desirable for the interest 

 of religion. St Charles made use of their services 

 chielly in the wild and inaccessible Alpine districts 

 of his diocese. The oblates of Mary Immaculate, 

 founded at Marseilles in 1815, have nine houses in 

 liritain, two in Ireland, and are numerous in 

 Canada. British India, and the t'nited States. 

 Two Irish reformatories are under their charge. 



Obligation. DAYS OK, holidays on which faith- 

 ful Catholics are lioiind to abstain from servile 

 work and to hear mass. These are, for England 

 and Wales, Circumcision, Epiphany, Ascension 

 Day, Corpus Christi, SS. Peter and Paul. Assump- 

 tion. All Saints, Christmas Day. Scotland adds 

 to these St Andrew, anil Ireland St Patrick and 

 the Annunciation. 



Oliork. a French possession on the 

 Afiiean coast of the Red Sea, inside Bab-el- 

 Mnndeh, and opposite Perim. Area, 2300 

 s.|. m.; pop. (189G) 22,370. 



Oboe ( Fr. httutboix ; Ger. hoboe, hoeh- 

 hols), a treble reed musical instrument, to 

 which the bassoon may be said to be the 

 bans. Its reed is double, like that of the 

 bassoon and th< rlianter of the bagpipe, 

 and consists of two thin blades of r.nie 

 attached by -ilk thread to a short metal 

 tnlie. A similar instrument may be traced 

 from the earliest limns from Egyptian anil 

 (reek sculpture and paintings; and the 

 Kensington Museum contains ninny speci- 

 m. >.. IKIIII Arabia, China, India, Wai- 

 lachia, &c. The modern instrument, how- 

 ever i shown in the ligurel, fnuii successive 

 impioMMiients and additions bears little 

 resemblance to its ancient prototype . and 

 in one of the most romplicati-d and inlii- 

 cate of wind instruments. It is made \ati- 

 onsly of boxwood, clxiny, cocoa wood, and 

 siU.-r, having holm for the lingers and 

 usually fifteen keys, Itesides two iinto- 

 inatic octave keys to assist the higher 

 It i- MII oetavc iiiHlriiment like the 

 Flntfl (q.v.), ami its usual compass is from 

 Oboe. H below the stave to F ill alt, although 

 several semitone)! higher can lie pnxluceil. 

 For orchestral purpose* it is pitched in tin- key of 

 C. but in military Imnds a H;i instrument is .,,.- 

 time* used, and it* music U written in the U clef. 



The tone of the olme is rich, and, from its great 



ixiwci in swelling and diminishing I lie .-oiuiil. it 

 is catmble of every variety of expression. The 

 ill**' has the privilege of giving the pitch to the 

 violin in the orchestra. Beethoven, Mo/ait, I'ach, 

 and nearly all the great composers make extensive 

 use of the oboe in their compositions. The Oboe 

 d'Amore and the Oboe di Caccia, oboes in the key 

 of A and F or Eb respectively, are nearly obsolete. 

 Oboe is also the name of a treble Mop on the 

 organ, its bass being the bassoon. See 'Oboe, 'in 

 <; rove's /1,'i-tii/iiiiry. 



Obollis '!. obolos or olielos, 'a spit;' see 

 NfMlsMATirs, p. 550), the smallest of the four 

 common Greek coins and weights, the sixth part 

 of a Drachma (q.v.). 



O'Brien. WILLIAM SMITH, Irish patriot, was 

 born 17th October 1803. Descended from the 

 royal line of Thomond, to which belonged the 

 great king, Brian Born, he was the second son 

 of Sir Edward O'Brien, Bart., of Dromoland, in 

 County Clare, in favour of whose eldest son the 

 ancient barony of Inchiquin was revived in IM'/J. 

 He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, 

 Cambridge, and entered parliament for the pOCJEet 

 lioiough of Ennis in 1826. Though a Protestant, 

 he supported the Catholic claims; and for some 

 years he gave an independent support to the Tory 

 party. He lost his seat in 1831, but was retained 

 for the county of Limerick in 1835, and from that 

 time till 1843 generally supported the "\Vlii--. 

 But he gradually gave up hope of getting justice 

 for Ireland from" the imperial parliament, and on 

 the 20th October 1843 he announced his adhesion 

 to ( H 'onnell's Repeal Association. But O'Connell'a 

 rooted aversion to an appeal to ji/ii/siail force soon 

 made a wide gulf in sympathy between his paity 

 and those liery spirits >\ ho became known as '\ oung 

 Ireland,' and whose fervid and warlike poetry and 

 prose filled the columns of the Xtitiini newspaper. 

 To this party O'Brien soon joined himself, and the 

 linn-ill force policy, by means of which O'Connell 

 had gained so many triumphs, was now abandoned 

 by the group of young and eager enthusiasts. The 

 death of Thomas Davis in September 1SI."> removed 

 a man of unusual wisdom and powen of conciliation, 

 and after many angry disputes O'Brien in 1MIJ 

 withdrew from the Association, and next the 

 Young Irelanders set up a Repeal League of their 

 own, under the leadership of O'Brien. His honour 

 and patriotism are undoubted, not so liis practical 

 wisdom ; and his ardent temperament and the sight 

 of the sufferings of his country soon hurried him 

 on to dangerous courses, and brought him into 

 collision with the law. S;ill his views were much 

 more moderate and sensible than those of sonic of 

 the zealots of his party. The sentence of .lohn 

 Mitchel for ' treason-felony ' in the spring of 1848 

 hastened the projected lising, which, however, 

 proved a miserable fiaf-co. ending ludicionsly in 

 an almost bloodless battle in a cabbage-garden at 

 Ballingarrr, in County Tippcrary. Smith (I'lirien 

 wns arrested, tried by a special commission at 

 Thnrles, and sentenced to deatli ; but the sentence 

 was com unite. I to transportation for life. In May 

 1854 he wn.- released on condition of not retaining 

 to Ireland, and in 1856 he received a free pardon, 

 lie spent bis remaining years in private life, partly 

 at llaiiL'oi in North Wales, and died there, Kith 

 June 1804. See A. M. Sullivan's New Irdmnl 

 (1877), and SirC.U Duffy's Young Ireland (1880). 



Olis, .-IK- Prints. Hooks, or Pictures 



c\hibi:ed in public render the exhibitor liable 

 to be indicted for a misdemeanour. Persons ex- 

 posing MHMII in streets, roads, or public places 

 are also) liable to lie punished as rogues and vaga- 

 bonds with hard labour. An important change in 



