OCHINO 



O'CONNELL 



573 



Ocliino, BERNARDINO, Italian reformer, was 

 born at Siena in 1487, and joined the Franciscan 

 Observants, but in 1534 changed to the Capuchin 

 order, as being more strict. In four years' tune he 

 was vicar-general of the order, having already 

 before joining it gained the reputation of a man of 

 great piety and eloquence. In 1542 he was sum- 

 moned to Rome to answer to the Inquisition for 

 certain evangelical tendencies which had been 

 manifested in sermons delivered by him at Venice 

 three years before, and had been much talked 

 about. Warned by Cardinal Contarini, Ochino 

 turned back at Bologna and fled to Geneva, where 

 Calvin gave him a welcoming hand. In December 

 1545 he was ap|H>inted preacher to the Italian con- 

 gregation in Augsburg, but fourteen months later 

 was driven from the city by the advent of the 

 imperial troops. From this time Ochino was 

 dogged by misfortune, and was never able to stay 

 long in any one place. He first found refuge in 

 England, invited there by Cranmer ; he was made 

 pastor to the Italian exiles and given a prebend 

 in Canterbury Cathedral. In England he wrote 

 the Tragedy, a series of dramatic okUogMi trans- 

 lated from the original Latin into English by 

 Bishop Ponet, which is believed to have had some 

 influence upon Milton's Parntlixe Lu.it, At Mary's 

 accession (1553) Ochino fled to Switzerland, and 

 ministered to the Italian exiles in Zurich for ten 

 years. Then the publication of Thirty Dialoynes, 

 one of which the Calvinists stated to contain a 

 defence of polygamy, occasioned his beiiifj banished 

 precipitately from the canton. In the dialogue in 

 question Ocliino states expressly and repeatedly 

 that 'polygamy is immoral ;' but, l>eing a man of 

 inquiring, questioning intellect, he at the same 

 time throw out the suggestion that there might l>e 

 individual cases in which it might perhaps be 

 permissible, provided the individual were quite 

 certain he had God's approval. Ochino fled to 

 Poland, but was soon driven thence by an edict 

 directed against all foreigners, and died in flight 

 at Schlackau in Moravia in the end of \M\. See 

 Life by Benrath (Eng. trans, by Helen Zimmern, 

 1876). 



Ochres are native pigments consisting of clays 

 or earths composed chiefly of silica and alumina, 

 along with oxide of iron or more rarely with other 

 oxides. Some are found in a natural state fine 

 enough to lie used after being simply washed. The 

 two important classes of ochres are the yellow and 

 the red, the colouring material of the former being 

 the hydrated oxide of iron, and that of the latter 

 the red or sesquioxide. Umber (q. v. ), which is 

 classed with the ochres, contains manganese as well 

 as oxide of iron. Yellow ochres are reddened by 

 Ix'inj,' burned. Most of the ochres can lx; prepared 

 artificially, but these are not so safe for artists' 

 purposes as the native earths. The latter are 

 remarkable for their stability, as can be seen in 

 many pictures by the old masters. Yellow ochre 

 and Roman ochre are much used both by artists 

 and house-painters, and so also (but the first more 

 by artists) are the red ochres, known as light red, 

 Indian red, and Venetian red. This last, however, 

 is an artificial product, and, although it is an 

 oxide of iron colour, it contains no earthy base, so 

 that correctly speaking it is not an ochre. Ochre 

 w fonnd in several English counties, but it is most 

 largely worked in Anglesey and Devonshire. 

 About 12,000 tons are raised in some years, the 

 value of which is roundly 2 per ton. It occurs in 

 many other countries, there being large deposits of 

 it in Camula. The earthy or imwdery varieties of 

 some of the less common metallic compounds found 

 native are called ochres by mineralogists. Among 

 these there are bismuth ochre, antimony ochre, 

 nickel ochre, and chrome ochre. 



Ochterlony, SIR DAVID, British general, was 

 born of Scottish ( Forfarshire ) descent, at Boston, 

 Massachusetts, on 12th Febmary 1758, went out 

 to India as a cadet at eighteen, and was made 

 lieutenant-colonel in 1803. In the following year 

 he defended Delhi against Holkar ; but his greatest 

 services were rendered against the Goorkhas. In 

 1814 he stormed their hill-forts one after the other, 

 and compelled them to sue for peace ; on the re- 

 newal of the war in 1815 he shut up their prin- 

 cipal chief in the hill-fort of Malaun, forced it to 

 surrender, and penetrated to within a few miles of 

 the Nepalese capital. Peace was again made ; 

 and the treaty has remained in force down to the 

 present time. Ochterlony was made (1816) a 

 baronet for his success. He rendered excellent 

 service in the Pindari and Mahratta wars of 1817 

 and 1818. He died at Meerut, 15th July 1825. 



Ockllillll (more usually in the Latinised form 

 < )CCAM ), WILLIAM OK, cnnuuned Doctor ,SYI//;-I 

 ft Iin-incibilis, a famous 14th-century schoolman, 

 was born in England, at Ockham in Surrey, but 

 when is not known ; the date usually given is 

 1370 or 1380. He entered the Franciscan order, 

 and studied at Oxford and Paris, being a pupil, 

 afterwards the rival, of Duns Scotus. It seems 

 not to be correct that he took part in the contest 

 between Philip the Fair of France and Boniface 

 VIII., the famous Disjiittatio super Potestute 

 Pralatit Ecclesia: . . . commissa, usually attributed 

 to him, having been probably written by another. 

 But in the revolt of the Franciscans against Po|ie 

 John XXII. at Perugia in 1322 he did take part, 

 being one of the most active in the movement. 

 After four months' imprisonment at Avignon he 

 repaired to Munich, and found there a defender in 

 the Emperor Louis of Bavaria, whom he in his turn 

 defended stoutly against the temporal pretensions 

 of the pope. In 1342 he seems to have become 

 general of the Franciscans. Besides insisting on 

 the independent divine right of temporal rulers, and 

 so in some measure clearing the way for modern 

 constitutional ideas, Ockham won greater fame as 

 the reviver of Nominalism ( q.v.), for which he won 

 a final victory over the rival Realism, chiefly by 

 setting forth its real meaning in plain and simple 

 language. He seems to have died at Munich in 

 1349. His views on civil government are expounded 

 in Super Potestate Sttmmi Pontijicis octo Qutes- 

 tianum Decisiones (1339-42) and Tractatus de 

 Jurisdictione Imperatoris in Causis Ulutrimoniuli- 

 bus, his philosophical views in Sitmmn Logices 

 (1488) and the commentary on the Sentences of 

 Peter the Lombard, and his theological in this last 

 and the Tractatus de Sacramento Altai-is (1516). 

 See T. M. Lindsay in Brit. Quart. Review (1872). 



Ockley, SIMON (1678-1720), Orientalist, was 

 educated at Oxford, and in 1711 became Arabic pro- 

 fessor. His History of the Saracens (2 vols. 1708- 

 18 ; long a standard, though not based on the best 

 authorities) was. partly written in a debtor's prison. 



O'Connell, DANIEL, 'the Lil>erator,' greatest of 

 Irish patriots and orators, was liorn near Cahir- 

 civeen in County Kerry, August 6, 1775. He was 

 the eldest son of Morgan O'Connell, brother of the 

 childless Maurice O'Connell, then head of an old 

 Catholic family, whose chief seat was Darrynane 

 Abl>ey. He was early adopted by his uncle, at 

 whose house most of his boyhood was spent. He 

 was placed, together with his brother, in January 

 1791 at the college of St Omer, the president of 

 which, Dr Stapylton, foresaw his unusual promise. 

 In August 1792 they went to the college at Douay, 

 which was suppressed at the end of the year, and 

 it was not without danger that the boys made their 

 eseape by Calais to England. To the end of his 

 life O'Connell never forgot his glimpse of dominant 



