OHKNSK 



ODIN 



Milton, in his magnificent |x>em, OH the Morning 

 '.fiat's Sntinttj, fimnil in this u form adequate 

 for that poetic exaltation which was his habitual 

 iiim nl. Cowley was alreoily an exj>ert in the 

 Horatian ode, when he fell in with Pindar, and 

 imitated him, in externals at least, in a miiiilxT 

 of elaborate comixcdtions, usually redeemed fnmi 

 dullness by bursts of undonht<-d poetic ixnver. 

 Dryden has left at least three immortal odes, To 

 Mutret* Anne Killigrew, For St Cecilia's Day, and 

 Alexander'* Featt ; and Confrere wrote not only 

 a few admirable, if formal, examples, bnt an ex- 

 cellent critical Discourse on the I'intlarique Ode 

 I 170.-, i. The matchless Orinda, Lord Orrery, Am- 

 brose Philip^. Young, Akenside, and Shad well 

 followed after tbeir kind ; and Gray, first drawn to 

 this form by Cilb.-n West, translator of Pindar, 

 produced in" 17o4 and 1758 his two inimitable 

 Pindaric odes, the Progress of Poety and The ttnril. 

 The exquisitely poetic, though not Pindaric, odes 

 of Collins were given to the world somewhat 

 earlier. Wonlsw ortii. ( 'oleridge. Shelley, Keats, and 

 Tennyson poured some of their noblest verse into 

 this form, while modifying it further, whether as 

 regular i.e. following a definite arrangement in 

 stanzas, or as irregular, following no such arrange- 

 ment. There are no finer odes or nobler poems in 

 oar language than Coleridge's odes To the Departing 

 and To r'r.nn: : Wordsworth's To Duty and 



Intimations of Iimii'irtnliti/ from Recollection* of 

 Earl,, ChMhood ; Shelley's To the West Wind, To 

 a Stulark, To Liberty, and To Naples; Keats's 

 odes To a Nightingale, On a Grecian Urn, and To 

 A utiiinn ; Tennyson's funeral ode OH the Death of 

 tktDubtof Wellington; and Swinburne's To Victor 

 Hugo in Exile. 



See Snglith Odu ( 1881 ), admirably selected by Edmund 

 W. Gone, with an excellent introduction ; and the subtle 

 and suggestive article ' Poetry.' by Theodore Watts, in 

 roL xix. (1885) of the Enfyeloprtilia Britannica. 



Od'ii-'. the chief town of the Danish island of 

 Fiineii (q.v.). Its cathedral was founded in 1086; 

 and diets were held here in 1527 and 1539. Pop. 

 ( 1880) 20,804 ; ( 1890) 30,277. 



Oiloinvuhl. a mountainous system partly in 

 Baden and Bavaria, but mainly in Hesse (q.v.). 



Oiler ( I At. Viadrtu, Slavon. Vjodr), one of the 

 principal rivers of Germany, rises in the Oderberg 

 on the tableland of Moravia, 1950 feet alxwe the 

 level of the sea, traverses Prussian Silesia, Brand- 

 enburg, and Pomerania, then empties itself into 

 the Stet liner Half, whence it passes into the Baltic 

 by the triple arms of the Dievenow, Peene, and 

 Swine, which enclose the islands of Wollin and 

 Usedom. It has a course north-west and north of 

 580 mil.-, ami a basin of 50,000 so. m. The rapid 

 flow, induced by its very considerable fall, to- 

 gether with the silting at the embouchures of the 

 numerous tributaries, renders the navigation dilli 

 cult ; great ex|Misc> and labour being, moreover, 

 -sary to keep the embankments in order, and 

 prevent the overflowing of the river. Canals con- 

 nect the Oder with the spree, the Havel, and the 

 Kibe; the \Vartbe is the only tributary of import- 

 ance for navigation. On the banks of the Oder 

 are Itatihor (where it is navigable for barges), 

 Brieg, Breslau, Frankfort-on-thc ( ider, Stettin, and 

 Swinemundc. 



Odrscnlrhi. See TSNOPENT XI. 



OilrHHA, in (Hiint of population the fourth city 

 of Knia. stands on the shore of the Black Sea, 

 alxmt midway liotween the estuaries of the Dniester 

 CJ.'i miles to the south west) and the Dnieper, 90 

 miles north east of the Danube mouth, and by rail 

 967 niib- from Moscow and 381 from Kieff. The 

 i^ built facing tin- sen on low cliffs, seamed 

 with deep ravines and hollowed out by galleries in 



the soft rock, in which numbers of the poorest 

 inhabitants herd together. Above ground its streets 

 me long and broad, and cross each other at right 

 angles. Odessa was only founded in I7!M. near a 

 Tuikish fort that fell into KUSMUH hands in 1789; 

 but it quickly became the principal export town 

 for the extensive corn-growing districts of South 

 Russia. Its progress was greatly aided by its 

 being declared a free port from 1817 to 1837" and 

 again by the construction of the rail nay to Kieff 

 in 1866. The population has increased rapidlv, 

 from 3150 in 1790 to 25,000 in 1814, 100,000 in 

 1850, 184,800in 1873, 270,600 in 1887, and 404.651 

 in 1897. Close upon 70,000 of these were Jews, 

 sharing with the Greeks most of the trade. Mer- 

 chant* of many other nationalities dwell here 



. 

 The harbour is made up of a roadstead and three 



cted by 

 winds that sweep the lilack Sea. It is impelled by 



basins, protected 



ae up 



y mol 



les against the dangerous 



ice scarcely ever closed by it during an aver. 

 of only a fortnight in the year. The imports in 

 1894 had a value of over 9,000,00(1 (less than in 

 1886 or 1891); the exports, over -21,000,000 (IIIOH- 

 than in any preceding year). The bulk of the 

 exports is grain, especially wheat: but the figure^ 

 for wheat fluctuate greatly, according to the crop 

 and legislation about exporting it. Yet the value 

 of the gross exports has steadily increased, doub- 

 ling between 1886, when the figure was i'8,279,900, 

 and 1889, when it reached 16,787, 700. Sugar 

 (1,217,400 in 1889), wool, and (lour are the 

 remaining chief items of export. The impoits 

 (raw cotton, oils, groceries, iron and steel, coal, 

 food-stuffs, fruits, tea, tobacco, machinen ) average 

 3.856,500 (five years from 1885). An average of 

 I!i.-> vessels of 1,370,256 tons enter the port every 

 year, an average of 716 of these vessels, with a 

 tonnage of l,180,'.'4."i, being British, the Russian ton- 

 nage being only one fifth of this, lint the Russians 

 carry on a large and increasing coasting trade. 

 The chief branches of industrial activity are Hour- 

 milling, sugar and oil refining, and, in a secondary 

 degree, the manufacture of tobacco, machinery, 

 leather, soap, chemicals, biscuits, &r. ( ides.-a has 

 a university (1865) with close upon 600 students, 

 and the usual cabinets and collections ; a great 

 number of schools, including a cadet, a ci-m- 

 nicrcial, and two music schools; several learned 

 societies, and a public library (1829) of 40, 000 

 vols., many of them rare. The museum of the 

 Historical anil Antiquarian Society contains treas- 

 ures from the coasts of the lilack Sea, Ixdonging to 

 the Hellenic, the Veneto Genoese, and the Tartam 

 Mongol chilisntions. Amongst the public build- 

 ings of Odessa we mention the cathedral (1802-49), 

 which is the church of the Archbishop of Kherson, 

 three dozen other churches, a very line opera-house 

 (1887), palatial grain warehouses, corn elevators, 

 and the 'palais royal,' which, with its gardens and 

 park, is a favourite place of resort. Monumental to 

 Count Worontsolf (IHti.'t), the Duke de Kichdieu 

 (1827) both great benefactors of Odessa mid 

 Pushkin (Iss'.ii adorn the city. Water is brought 

 by aqueduct (27 miles long) from the Dniester. 

 Numerous coast batteries have been built since 

 ls7ii to prevent a recurrence of bombardment, such 

 as happened when the British fleet sailed past tin- 

 city in April 1854. Odessa has an unenviable 

 notoriety as a home of the cholera, for its persecu- 

 tion of the Jews, and for its Nihilist sympathies. 



Odoypoor. See UDAIPUR. 



Odllon-Barrot. See BAKROT. 



Odin ( Odhinn ; O. H. Ger. Wiiotan ; Saxon, 

 Wniliin, or Woden whence Wedncsiltiy), the chief 

 god of northern mythology, common to all Ger- 

 manic peoples. He is not the creator of the world, 

 but its ruler, king of heaven and earth. Odin, as 



