OHIO 



OTDIUM 



valleys. There arc a few prairie* or plains in tin- 

 north- western part- of tin- state. but over it- greater 

 |.rtion originally existed immense quantities of 

 liiulx-r. Tin- principal rivers draining southward 

 to (lie Ohio arc tin- Miiskinguin. Scioto. tirrat 

 Miami. ami Little Miami. Northward to I In- lake 

 are the Tuscarawas, Cuyahoga, Sandiisky, Huron. 

 niul Miiumee, all but the last named being entirely 

 in the state. 



The rocks underlying Ohio belong to the Silu- 

 rian, Devonian, aiuf Carboniferous HystcniH. The 

 general arrangement of the ;_'. dii^i.-.il formation 

 shows a layer of sheets resting in the form of an 

 arch from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. The 

 limestone ( No. 4 ) midway in the state is unbroken, 

 and stretches from side to side ; the Oriskany, the 

 Corniferous, the Hamilton, and Huron formations, 

 though generally removed from tin- crown of the 

 arch, still remain over a limited area near the cen- 

 tral portion. On the side of the great anticlinal 

 axis the rocks dip downward into a basin, which 

 far several hundred miles, north an 1 south, occupies 

 the interval between the Nashville and Cincinnati 

 ridge and the first fold of the Alleghany Moun- 

 t tins. Aa they dip toward the centre of this trough, 

 on the eastern an 1 southern border of tli state, 

 the older rocks are deeply buried, and the surface 

 is here underlaid by the Alleghany coal-measures ; 

 while in tlis north-western part of the state the 

 strata dip northward and |>ass in the same way 

 under the Michigan coal-basin. The coalfields of 

 Ohio cover over 12,000 sq. m. ; nearly 11,000,000 

 long tons were inineil in IS!)7. Immense ilcjiosits 

 ot linn-stone. freestone, anil mill-stones abound. 



Archjrologically < >hi<> is the richest field in Amer- 

 ica. In no other state have Ix'en found so many evi- 

 dences of man's antiquity exemplified in implements 

 of stone, bone, copper, and clay ; while thv most 

 extensive and elaoorato systems of earthworks in 

 America are at Newark, 'near Cliilliroth", ami on 

 the Miami blulfs near Waynesville. See MOUND- 



Ohio is one of the chief manufacturing states in 

 the Union, leading till others in the manufacture 

 of farm machinery, carriages and wagons, woollen 

 and cotton goods, furniture, and wine and spirits. 

 It has also great rolling-mills and iron-factories, 

 glass-factories, |n>tU'ries, and oil-works. In agri- 

 culture the state is first in the I'nion in many 

 regards. It* annual production of maize is some 

 90,000,000 bushels, of wheat 40,000,000, of wool 

 20,000,000 Ib. Cattle and hogs are reared in 



large numbers. Ohio is a leading (Kirk-producing 

 Btat. The oil-fields, prevailing largely in the 

 north-west, are being rapidly developed. and 

 already the output is secomf only to that of 

 Pennsylvania. Natural gas has been found in 

 immense quantities, but at the present rate of 

 consumption is soon exhausted. 



// 1 \i nft/. In ITS" the (Ihio Company of Associates 

 wu organised in New F.n^land i>y those who had 

 served In the war of the revolution, and under their 

 auspice* a large tract of land was purchased from 

 the government, in the territory north-west of the 

 Ohio Kiver, payment Ix-ing made in 'Continental 

 Certificates' mined to the soldiers for their scr\ i'i- 

 Thin wan the first public snle of land by the I'nited 

 Stat-s government. In connection with its sale 

 the famous 'Compact ' or ' Ordinance of I7S7' was 

 paused, guaranteeing forever in the territory civil 

 and religious freedom, the system of common 

 schools, trial by Jury, and the right of inheri- 

 tance. In 1788 Marietta and Cincinnati were 

 founded, and till 17111 settlements in the southern 

 part of the territory increased rapidly. In that 

 year the Indians t>ccanic troublesome, owing to 

 the continual encroachments of the whites, and an 

 army under the governor suffered a disastrous 



defeat. In NovemlxT 17!M a signal victory was 

 gained by (oMicral Anthony \\ayne over the 

 Indians at 'Fallen Timbers' on the Maumec 

 Kiver. The year after a treaty of peace was con- 

 cluded at Fort (ireenville, the Indians ceding a, 

 great portion of territory, which settlers began at 

 once to fill, and the towns of Xcni.i. Dayton, 

 Hamilton. Chillicothe, /anesville, Franklinton, 

 ami others were established. Chillicothe was made 

 the seat of government for the territory, and a. 

 capitol building erected. In 1802 a constitution 

 was adopted for the ' F-astern Division of the 

 Territory North-west of the Ohio,' to be known as 



j 'Ohio,' and on 19th February 1803 Ohio was 

 formally admitted into the Union. By 1810 its 

 |Mipulation was 230,700, and the increase from 



' that period was rapid. As early as 1812 steam- 



'boat navigation up and down 'the Ohio Kiver 



! was accomplished; by 1834 there were, as now, 

 709 miles of canal in operation ; and the Mad 

 River Railroad, begun in 1837, was opened for 

 traffic in 1842, and completed to the lakes by 1848 ; 

 in 1897, 8729 miles of railway traversed the state, 



: not counting double tracks, &0. Ohio ha- ^i\cn 

 five presidents to the Union (Irani, Hayes, Oar- 

 field, Benjamin Harrison, and M'Kinlcv. 



Ohio is divided into 88 counties, unit returns 21 

 members to congress. The justices of the supreme 

 court are elected for terms of five years by the 

 people. The state has several universities and nu- 

 merous colleges, with professional, art, and commer- 

 cial schools. The school population in 1897 was 

 1,088,000; attendance, 50 per cent. The ratio of 



i illiteracy is less than the average of other states. 

 The largest cities are Cincinnati. Cleveland, i '.,. 

 lumbus (the capital), Toledo, .Sandusky, Dayton, 



! Springfield. Stenhenvillc, Portsmouth, Akron, 

 \oungstown, and Canton. The total taxable value 

 of renl and personal projieitv in ls!K was si. 77s.- 

 138,477. Pop. (IS* i) 1, 980,839 j (1870) 2,665,260; 

 ( 1890) 3,672,316 ; ( 1900) 4,157,54.-.. 



Ohlail. a town of Prussian Silesia, 20 miles SE. 

 of Itreslau by rail, on the Oder. Pop. 8575. 



Ohm, OEOKC SIMON, physicist, horn at Eilan- 

 gen, 16'Ji March 1787, became in 1849 professor at 

 Munich, and died there 7th July 1854. For Ohm's 

 I .a w and the ohm as a measure of electric resistance, 

 see ELECTHICITV, Vol. IV. p. 267. 



Olinrl. (iKOHfJES, a French novelist of great 

 .ipularitv, if not merit, born 3d April 1848 at 

 'aris. He studied law, and after practising some 

 time as an advocate took to journalism, and later 

 to literature pn>i>er. Under the general title of 

 Lex liataillei lie la Vie he has published a soies 

 of novels dealing comprehensively with social 

 questions, some of which have actually reached a 

 hundredth edition. The tirst in this cycle of 

 romances vos Serge Pa nine (1881), too quickly 

 followed by Le JUaftre de Forges (1882), L ('mil- 

 tone SaraJt ( 1883), Line Fletiron ( 1884), La yrtintte 

 .17 r , , , ,r ( 1 885 ). I.es Dames de la Crvix-Morl ( 1 886 ), 

 and PoJoMtt(lM8). 



Oidilim. or KllYSIPHE, a genus of minute fungi 

 infesting unions plants, and especially important 

 as the cause of a ravaging disease of the vine, 

 popularly known as vine-mildew. The disease was 

 first observed in Kent in the spring of ISI.'i ; it 

 spread rapidly over the English vineries, and was 

 .1 about the same time in the vineries of 

 Paris, and noon afterwards in those of nearly all 

 parts of Fwince, Italy, (ncece, Tyrol, and Hungary, 

 and in a less degree in the Rhine valley. Its 

 ravages extended to Algeria, Syria, Asia Minor, 

 and especially to the island of Madeira, where it 

 nearly put an end to the production of the cele- 

 brated wine. The disease appears first in the, 

 leaves, these drop off, the plant loses strength 



no,, 

 Pai 



