606 



ONTARIO 



without dillieulty by means of tlie lakes, from 

 IVniisi Ivania, anil also from Nova Scotia the 



manufacturer arc 1111 rous and ahcndant. 



The piincipnl limn ii I act u l cs an- agricultural im- 

 plements. 11 'Hi and woodwaie, wagons and caniages, 

 railway rolling-stock I including, lon>nioii\cs i. cot 

 ton;, ami wiMillens, leather, furniture. Max, ordinary 

 iron ami hardware, pa|>er, soap, woodenware, \c. 

 The most tliii-l.lv pODWMM juirt of Ontario 

 more nearly resembh-s Kngland than any of the 

 other colonies. Theie is only one large city, 

 Toronto, \vliii-h contains nearly 2OU.IIOU inhabit- 

 ants ; Imt smaller cities and towns, such as Ottawa 

 (44,000 inhabitants,. Hamilton (43,000), London 

 H'7.0001, Kingston (17,000), Guelph (11,000), St 

 ,erinc's( ll.iNKh, Mi antford( 13,000 ), St Thomas, 



I'ctcllHilnUgh, 1'olt Hope, Woodstock, Gait, I.illd- 



I'aiis, and Port Arthur, are scattered all over 

 the province, and are usually manufacturing or 

 agiiciiltm.il c'-niies. The farms in these districts 

 are well cultivated and fenced, with houses as a rule 

 sii|ierior to those found in Great liritain. Ontario 

 has a perfect network of railways (hetween 6000 

 and IKKKI miles i, which has proved of great advan- 

 tage in the development of the manufacturing and 

 agricultural industries : and in summer it is supple- 

 mented by the means of transport provided by the 

 lakes and by the magnificent system of canals on 

 the St Lawrence. The revenue of ( Intario is about 

 $5,000,000, made up of subsidies and contributions 

 from the Dominion treasury, land and lumber 

 sales, license*, stamps, &e. The expenditure is 

 invariably under the revenue, and the finances 

 of the province are in a thoroughly satisfactory 

 condition. 



The value of the imports in 1889 was $42,292,819, 

 including 824,'.tl_VJI."i from the United States ami 

 $14,541', 7H2 from Great Britain. The value of 

 the ex|M>rts in the Mime year was $30,336',G98, of 

 which $23,449,.v2l went to the t'nited States and 

 >:i.7-.!H.l74 to Great Britain. The exports in 1893 

 (manufactured gi KM Is. agricultural products, animals 

 and their products, timlx-r. minerals) had a value 

 of $33,850,783. while the iin|>orts were valued at 

 .*4Vi>i:t,7Mj. The industries in 1891 produced goods 

 to the value of $240.100,000. 



The school system of Ontario is admirable, and 

 is under the control of a minister of Education, 

 who is always a mcmlier of the Provincial Cabinet. 

 The schools are supported by a lax on property, 

 with state giants, and are free to all. Koman 

 Catholic* may, if they think proper, establish sepa- 

 rate schools, and are then exempted from siip|>ortiiig 

 the public school*, receh in;r a separate grant from 

 pit eminent. The children attending the schools in 

 lss7 v.ei,. 4!i:i.i'li'. out of a total school population of 

 til 1,21;}. There me many universities and colleges, 

 and the facilities for higher education are quite 

 equal lo those provided for elementary ptir|iose8. 

 The iiiuiiici|uil system is one of the most |H-rfect in 



the world, and affords a pattern which hag IK 



followed in many- other countries. The public 

 attaint are administered by a lieutenant-governor, 



Ull executive council of eight mellllicrs, and a le-is- 

 lalhe ILssemlily of <M mellllicrs elected evi-iy f.Hir 



years. In the Dominion parliament the province 

 lii represented by ->\ Mmtwn in the Senate and 



f- mbers in tin- House of Commons. In Ontario 



the I'roiestatit religious bodies predominate; the 

 Methodists are the most numerous, followed by the 

 l're-b\ (lians, then by the Church of Kngland. 



' intario was largely founded by the 

 immigration of I'nited Kmpire loyalists' into 

 da after the declaration of indc|>cndcnee of 

 the t'nited Stiiti-. It was made into a separate 

 piovince ami cnlliKl ('p|-r Canada in 1791 (see 

 article CANADA). The two provinces were re- 

 united in 1840, as the result of the disturbances in 



hat iKWil 



until confederation in the year 18(17, when the 

 pio\ince received the name of Ontario. 



Ontology. See MFTAPin sirs. PHILOSOPHY. 



OnilS I'rolcilllli. i.e. the burden of proof, is 

 often a dillicnlt question in litigation: but as a 

 rule the plaintiff who institutes the suit is bound 

 to give proof of the allegations on which he relies. 



On.VX, an agate formed of alternating white and 

 black, or white and dark brown stri|K's of chalced- 

 ony. More rarely a third colour of strii>es occurs. 

 The finest s|wcimeiis are brought from India. 

 Onyx is in much esteem for ornamental purposes. 

 The ancients valued it very highly, ami used it 

 much for cameos. Many of the linest cameos in 

 existence are of onyx, 'fhe name onyx, however, 

 appears to have liecn applied by the ancients more 

 extensively than it now is, and even to striped 

 calcareous alabaster, such as is now called Onyx 

 Marble. The Snrili,iiii.r of the ancient- \a a variety 

 of onyx in which white stripes alternate with 

 stripes of a dark-red variety of carnelian, called 

 surd or sardtt. It is one of the rarest and most 

 beautiful kinds of onyx, and is more valued than 

 carnelian. 



Oodeypore. See UDAIPUR. 



Oojeill. See I'JJAIX. 



Ookirp. See CAPE COLONY, Vol. II. p. 735. 



Oolarhan. See CANDLE-FISH. 



Oolite (Gr., 'egg stone'), a variety of limestone, 

 composed of spherical granules of calcic carln mate, 

 which have a concentric and often a fibrous radiat- 

 ing .structure. In many cases these granules con 

 tain a nucleus or kernel of some foreign substance, 

 such as a grain of sand, round which the successi\e 

 layers or encrusting coats of calcic carbonate have 

 lieen formed. Granules of this nature are seen 

 forming in the springs of Carlsbad. A similar 

 oolitic structure has iteen oliserved occasionally 

 in the coral-rock forming the surface of modem 

 coral-reefs which seems to owe its origin to the 

 movement to and fro of grains of coral sand in 

 pools or sheltered places in which the water is 

 highly saturated with carbonate of lime, derived 

 from the decom|Hisition of dead coral. The courser 

 varieties of oolite are tei HUM! I',-<tst(ic or Pisolite. 

 For Oolite as the name lor a group of strata, 860 

 Jl'KASMC Sv.sl KM. 



Oonalashka. See ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. 



Oorl. LIMPOPO, or Ch'ocoDii.K KIVKR, a river 

 of south-eastern Africa, has its sources in the 

 heart of the Transvaal, between Pretoria and 

 I'otchefstrom, dcscrilies a huge curve to the north, 

 and joins the Indian Ocean a little north of I >el. 

 Bay. Its course exceeds SOO miles, and it 

 numerous tributaries, the most important I*ing 

 the ( ilifant from the right. The Limimpo has been 

 uled 50 miles by steam boat ; but its up]icr 

 reaches are olistructed by rapids and falls. 



a Dutch town in North Brabant, 



li miles NE. of Breda, with sugar-factories, tan- 

 yards, breweries, potteries. Pop. (1893) 11,001. 



Oostrrzee, 'I.\x .1 AKOII VAN, theologian, was 

 Imrn in 1SI7 at Itotterdam. studied at Utrecht, was 

 a pastor in Rotterdam, and in ISIPJ became a theo- 

 logical professm at t'lrecht, living the leader of 

 the Kvangelieal school in Holland. He died 29th 

 July 1882. He wrote many works, amongst them 

 a Life of Christ, a Cbrbtology, a work on John's 

 Gospel (in German), commentaries on Luke and 

 the Pastoral Epistles in Lunge's Commentary; also 

 a Tlieuliyit tijt thr \,,r Ti*tiint>'iit (1867; Kng. 



trans. IS70, 4th ed. 1882); C/ir/WiViw Ihirfmatict 

 i is?-.' : trans. 1874); Mosc* (trans. 1878); Practical 

 Thcoloyy ( trans. 1878). 



