ORANGE 



ORATORIO 



621 



III., Prince of Orange and king of England, having 

 died in 1702 without issue, there began a long- 

 continued controversy as to the succession between 

 Frederick I. of Prussia (as grandson of one of the 

 last princes of Orange), the representative of the 

 older branch of the House of Nassau (q.v. ), and 

 the head of the younger line. At the peace of 

 Utrecht (1713) the king of Prussia took the settle- 

 ment into his own hands, so far as the territory 

 of Orange was concerned, by making it over for 

 certain equivalents to the king of France. The 

 title Prince of Orange, however, remained with 

 the younger Nassau line, afterwards sovereigns of 

 Holland. See Bastet's Histoire cf Orange ( 1856). 



Orange, a city of New Jersey, 12 miles \V. of 

 New York by rail, and 3 miles by tram-car from 

 Newark. The slope of Orange Mountain is laid 

 out in In-aiitifiil parks, and ornamented with villas. 

 There are manufactures of hats, carriages, &c. 

 Pop. ( 1880) 13,207 ; ( 1900) 24,141. 



Orangemen, an organisation which had its 

 origin in the hostility that sulwisted between 

 Protestants and Catholics in Ireland from the 

 Reformation downwards, though the term is first 

 used after the Revolution of 1688. The members 

 of the Protestant associations appear at first to 

 have been known by the name of ' Peep-of-day 

 Boys;' but the rude and illiterate mob of Peep- 

 of-day Boys made way for the rich and influential 

 organisation of the Orange Society. Its name was 

 taken from that of the Prince of Orange, William 

 III., who in Ireland has lieen popularly identified 

 with the establishment of that Protestant ascend- 

 ency which it was the object of the Orange asso- 

 ciation to sustain. The first 'Orange Lodge' was 

 founded in the village of Loughgall, County Armagh, 

 September 21, 1795. Lecky holds that the first 

 Orange rising was brought about by the restless- 

 ness and discontent of the Catholics, consequent 

 on the withdrawal of Karl Fitzwilliam and the 

 collapse of his schemes of Catholic emancipation, 

 and was really a plan to expel all Catholics from 

 Ulster, and drive them to Connaught or else- 

 where. The immediate occasion of the crisis 

 was a series of outrages by which Catholics 

 were forcibly ejected from their houses and farms, 

 terminating (September 1795) in an engagement, 

 called, from the place where it occurred, the 

 Battle of the Diamond. The rebellion of 1798 

 Inseparably combined the religious with the polit- 

 ical antipathies. In November of that year the 

 Orange Society had already reached the dignity 

 of a grand lodge of Ireland, with a formal estab- 

 lishment in the metropolis ; and in the following 

 years the organisation extended over the entire 

 province of Ulster, and had its ramifications in 

 all the centres of Protestantism in the other pro- 

 vinces of Ireland. In 1808 it extended to England. 

 A grand lodge was founded at Manchester, but 

 transferred to London in 1821. The subject more 

 than once was brought under the notice of parlia- 

 ment, especially in 1813, and in consequence the 

 grand lodge of Ireland was dissolved ; but its 

 functions in issuing warrants, &c. were discharged 

 vicariously through the English lodge. The most 

 memorable crisis, however, in the history of the 

 Orange Society was the election of a roval duke 

 (Cumberland ) in 1H27 as grand master for England, 

 and, on the re-establishment of the Irish grand lodge 

 in 1828, as imperial grand master. The Catholic 

 Relief Act of the following year stirred up all the 

 slumbering antipathies of creed and race, and the 

 Orange association was propagated more vigorously 

 than over not only in Wales and Scotland, but also 

 in Canada and in the other colonies ; and it extended 

 it* ramifications into the army. In 1835 the asso- 

 ciation numbered 20 grand lodges, 80 district lodges, 



1500 private lodges, and from 200,000 to 220,000 

 members. After a protracted parliamentary inquiry 

 in 1835 the lodges were formally suppressed, though 

 the institution afterwards gradually revived as a 

 secret society. In 1861 there were 150,000 members 

 in British America. Great days in the association 

 are the 5th of November, the anniversary of 

 William III.'s arrival in Torbay ; and the 1st and 

 12th of July, the anniversaries of the battles of 

 Aughrim and the Bovne. Serious riots took place 

 in New York on July 12, 1871, and at Belfast in 

 1880 and 1886. See Lecky 's History of England in 

 the Eighteenth Century, vols. vii. and viii. (1890). 



Orange River Colony, a British crown 

 colony in South Africa, lying between the Vaal 

 and Orange rivers, and surrounded by Cape Colony, 

 the Transvaal Colony, Natal, and Basutoland. 

 This region is a plateau, rising from 3000 to 5000 

 feet above the sea-level, with very little wood, except 

 alongside the numerous watercourses. Its vast un- 

 dulating plains of magnificent pasture-land slope 

 down to the Vaal and the Orange, and are dotted 

 over with the isolated hills called ' Kopjies.' Area 

 estimated at 48,326 sq. m. ; pop. (1890) 207,503 

 77,716 being whites. Of these again 51,910 were 

 natives of the State, 21,116 were born in Cape 

 Colony, and 2549 in Europe, with 1000 from the 

 Transvaal and 900 from Natal. Nearly 70,000 were 

 members of the Dutch Reformed Church. The oc- 

 cupations are mainly pastoral. Merino sheep, cattle, 

 horses, goats, and ostriches are reared ; corn ( wheat, 

 maize, Kaffir corn) is grown chiefly in the east. 

 Coal is mined in the north and diamonds in the 

 south-west. The climate is healthy and temperate. 

 Railways connect Bloemfontein (q.v. ), the capital, 

 with the Cape ( 1892) and the Transvaal. The 

 annual trade reaches a total of 3 millions sterling ; 

 the chief exports being wool, diamonds, hides, 

 ostrich -feathers, and live animals. When the Dutch 

 Boers left the Cape Colony ( 1836) and took posses- 

 sion of this country it was inhabited by Bushmen, 

 Bechuanas, and Korannas. The Cape government 

 appointed a resident in the republic in 1845, and 

 three years later it was annexed to the British 

 crown as the Orange River Sovereignty ; but in 

 1854 it was given up to the Boers, who formed them- 

 selves into the independent republic of the Orange 

 River Free SUte. President Sir J. H. Brand ( 1 863- 

 83) cherished the friendliest relations with Britain, 

 and mediated in 1881 between Britain and the 

 Transvaal. On the failure of negotiations between 

 the Transvaal (q.v.) and Britain in 1899, President 

 Steyn, in alliance with the Transvaal, issued an 

 ultimatum to Britain (9th October) which was 

 virtually a declaration of war, and was followed a 

 few days afterwards by a joint invasion of Natal. 

 The Boer republics having .been conquered and 

 overrun, on 28th May 1900 the Orange River State 

 was formally annexed by Britain as a crown colony, 

 under the name of the Orange River Colony. 



See BOERS, TRANSVAAL ; Norris-Newman, With the 

 Boeri in the Transvaal and Oranrie Free State ( 1882 ) ; 

 Anthony Trollope, South Africa (1878); E. de Weber, 

 Qvntre Ant aux Payi del Boeri (1882) ; Theal's Hiitory 

 of the Boert in Southern Africa (1887); and numerous 

 works on the Transvaal war ( 1899-1900). 



Oratorio, a sacred story set to music, which, 

 like opera, requires soloists, chorus, and full or- 

 chestra for its performance, but dispenses with 

 the theatrical adjuncts of scenery, costumes, and 

 acting. It is named from the oratory or mission- 

 hall in Rome, where on feasts St Philip Neri (q.v.), 

 prompted by the same spirit as had in the mediaeval 

 miracle and. mystery plays sought to interest and 

 educate the unlearned, arranged the sacred musical 

 performances (1571-94), which developed into the 

 modern oratorio. 



