ORBIS PICTUS 



ORCHARD 



623 



constant attendance in the confessional and in tlie 

 characteristic daily preaching. Another essential 

 part of the institute is an external brotherhood 

 similar in some respects to the 'Third Orders' of 

 the older religious orders, but consisting of men 

 only, who meet in a separate chapel called the 

 Little Oratory, under the direction of a father 

 prefect. The brothers, as a rule, observe the same 

 exercises as the fathers. It is in the Little Oratory 

 that the musical services which originated the ora- 

 torio are held. Music was so often performed in 

 the oratory at Seville that Blanco White speaks of 

 it aa the 'spiritual opera-house.' Philip Neri, 

 who governed the community at Rome as long 

 as he lived, committed no rule to writing. The 

 traditional rules drawn up at a later time were 

 approved by Paul V. in 1612. 



The Oratory spread rapidly through the chief 

 cities of Italy, and there were several houses in 

 Spain. In Germany it never took root. In France 

 Cardinal de Berulle took the institute as his model 

 in a new foundation (1611). approved by Paul V. 

 in 1614, under the name of the 'Congregation of 

 the Oratory of our Lord Jesus Christ in France.' 

 But it differs essentially fronv the Oratory of St 

 Philip Neri. It was governed by a superior-gen- 

 eral, and was mainly concerned with the institution 

 of seminaries for the training of priests. 



The life in the Roman Oratory admitted leisure 

 for private study ; and the founder, in encouraging 

 Cesare Baronio to write his great work on church 

 history, set an example which was followed by 

 many distinguished scholars Bozio, Gallonio, 

 Aringhi (Rama tubterranea), Bianchini (Evan- 

 gtlium quatiritplex), Gallandi ( BMiotheca patrum), 

 and others. It was natural that the character of 

 Philip Neri and the community life which he estab- 

 lished should have a particular attraction to a 

 numlier of men from the English universities, who 

 were led by the Oxford movement to the Church 

 of Rome. Dr Newman when at Rome obtained 

 from the pope a brief (26th November 1847) author- 

 ising him to establish the Oratory in England. 

 Shortly afterwards F. W. Faber, who had founded 

 a new order, ' the Brothers of the Will of God,' 

 generally known as ' Wilfridian*,' joined, with his 

 whole community, the Oratory at Birmingham. In 

 1H40 Father Falier was sent to London with some 

 other fathers to set up a house in King William 

 Street, Strand, which in October 1850 was con- 

 stituted an independent congregation, and in 1854 

 was transferred to its present alxxli; in Brompton. 



There seems to have l>een a project of introducing 

 the Oratory into England in tlie reign of James II., 

 and there is in the British Museum an extremely 

 rare if not unique copy of an English translation of 

 the Rule printed in 1687. 



The early history of the Oratory was written in 5 vol. 

 folio by Marciano, Mcmoric Stoi-iche, ic. (16U3-1702). 

 Compare fTruman e la Religions. Caltolica in Inghiltrrra, 

 on-ero F Oratorio fnylete, by Caperelatro (Naples, 1859), 

 nd Life and Lttten of F. W. Faber, by J. liowden 

 (18u9). The Inatituta Corvirffja'ivnui Anfjlicft was 

 printed in Home at the Propaganda Press in 1847. 



Orbis Pictns. See CUM EMUS. 



Orbit, in Astronomy, is the path descril>cd in 

 space by a heavenly body in its revolution round 

 its primary. Tlie path so described is of an elliptic 

 form, and would lie accurately an ellipse were it 

 not for the disturbing influence of the other 

 heavenly bodies (see PERTURBATIONS). The com- 

 plete determination of a planet's orbit is of the last 

 importance to astronomers, as it enables them to 

 predict the planet's place in the heavens at any 

 period, and thus determine the exact date of 

 eclipses of the sun and moon, of transits and occul- 

 tations of the planets, and of the appearances and 

 disappearances of comets. For the determination 



of a planet's orbit it is necessary to know three 

 things : ( 1 ) The situation of the plane of the orbit 

 in space; (2) the position of the orbit in this plane; 

 and ( 3 ) the situation at a given epoch, and rate of 

 motion, of the planet in its orbit. Since the plane 

 of the ecliptic is for convenience taken as the refer- 

 ence plane, the position of the plane of a planet's 

 orbit is known when ( 1 ) its inclination to the plane 

 of the ecliptic and (2) the line of intersection of the 

 two planes are known. 



Orrauna. whose real name was A ndrea di done 

 and his nickname ARCAGNUOLO ( ' archangel '), cor- 

 rupted into Orcagna, was a painter, sculptor, and 

 architect, as well as a maker of poems. Born, 

 about 1316, the son of a Florentine worker in silver, 

 he was early imbued with artistic tastes. Sculpture 

 he learned in the studio of Andrea Pisano, and in 

 painting was helped by an elder brother. In 1355 

 M was appointed architect to the church of Or San 

 Michele in his native city : his greatest artistic 

 triumph exists in the marble tabernacle in this 

 church. ' This, in its combined splendour of archi- 

 tectural design, sculptured reliefs and statuettes, 

 and mosaic enrichments, is one of the most im- 

 portant and beautiful works of art which even rich 

 Italy possesses. It combines an altar, a shrine, a 

 reredos, and a baldacchino ' (Middleton). From 

 1358 to 1360 he was chief architect of the cathedral 

 at Orvieto, for which he designed some mosaic 

 pictures. In Florence he planned a mint, piers in 

 the cathedral, and other works. His earliest 

 achievement with the painter's brush was to 

 execute, in conjunction with his elder brother 

 Nardo, several frescoes in the church of Santa 

 Maria Novella at Florence. Some of these have 

 perished ; but a ' Last Judgment ' and ' Christ and 

 the Virgin enthroned in Heaven ' still survive, 

 though greatly restored. Other frescoes in the 

 cemetery at Pisa that were attributed to Orcagna 

 are now believed to have been by a painter or 

 painters of the Sienese school. Orcagna painted 

 several panel pictures, including a retabie for the 

 altnr in the Strozzi chapel of Santa Maria Novella ; 

 another for the church of San Pietro Maggiore in 

 Florence, now in the National Gallery, London ; 

 an altarpiece in the chapel of the Medici (Santa 

 Croce), Florence ; and 'St Zenobius Enthroned,' in 

 the cathedral of Florence. Orcagna's death is 

 usually given as 1389 ; but 1376 seems a more 

 likely date, or even 1368. See the article by Pro- 

 fessor J. H. Middleton in Ency. Brit. ; and Crowe 

 and Cavalcaselle, Painting in Italy, vol. i. (1864). 



Orchard (generally supposed to be from A.S. 

 orl-yearde i.e. a yard or enclosure for orts, worts, 

 or wurts = Lat. olvs, but strangely resembling the 

 Gr. orchatus, especially in the Miltonic form, 

 orchat) is a space of ground employed for the 

 growth of hardy tree-fruit, such as apples, cherries, 

 pears, and plums. By common usage and the force 

 of climate the word in Great Britain has now be- 

 come suggestive of apples only ; and if the fruit be 

 of any other staple a special prefix is generally 

 employed, except in the counties (and few they 

 are) in which cherries, pears, or plums are grown 

 thus largely, such as Kent, Hereford, and Wor- 

 cester. In some parts of the United States peaches 

 are grown in vast quantities upon orchard-trees, 

 and that fruit can be ripened thus in the southern 

 counties of England, when the spring and summer 

 have lieen favourable. But in the main with us 

 the orchard is a plot of ground planted with apple- 

 trees, and thus we shall chiefly regard it. 



In England, as well as the more fruitful parts of 

 Scotland, the manor-house, vicarage, manse, or 

 farm, or other well-environed dwelling-place, has 

 its own orchard not far from the house, and capable 

 of producing fruit, unless too much discouraged. 



