ORGAN 



ORGANO-METALLIC BODIES 639 



water-organs were the almost exclusive form of 

 organ employed both in Europe and the East. 

 Towards the end of the 9th century large bellows 

 organs began to be built, in keeping with the 

 large Romanesque churches of the times. Thirty 

 bellows were employed in some of these organs ; 

 the outstretched arms of the organist could not 

 (span the compass of an octave ; and the player 

 or players struck each key with their fist. In 

 the monasteries meanwhile, where size was not 

 go much in demand, the mechanism of the organ 

 was marvellously elaltorated. The complete fur- 

 nishings of the organ parts were manufactured in 

 the monasteries, even down to the smelting of the 

 metals whereof the pipes were made. Those dim- 

 inutive organs, called regals, so small that they 

 could lie held on the palm of the hand, were the 

 outcome of monastic ingenuity, and Pope Sylvester 

 II. was a warm patron of organ-building, and him- 

 self no mean inventor in the art. 



The family of the Antignati, in Rrescia, had a 

 great name as organ-builders in the 15th and 16th 

 centuries. The organs of England were once in 

 high repute, but the puritauism of the Civil Wai- 

 doomed most of them to destruction ; and when 

 they had to be replaced after the Restoration it 

 was found that there was no longer a sufficiency 

 of builders in the country. Foreign organ-builders 

 were therefore invited to settle in England, the 

 most remarkable of whom were Bernhard Schmidt 

 (generally called Father Smith), his nephews, and 

 Renatus Harris. Christopher Schreider, Snetzler, 

 and liylield succeeded them ; and, at a later 

 period, Green and Avery, some of whose organs 

 have never lieen surpassed in tone. The largest 

 English organs are those of the Royal All>ert Hall, 

 St Paul's Cathedral, the Alexandra Palace, the 

 Crystal Palace, St George's Hall, Liverpool, and the 

 Leeds Town-hall. The German organs are remark- 

 able for preserving the balance of power well among 

 the various masses, but in mechanical contrivance 

 they are surpassed by those of England. 



The largest organ in the world is usually said to 

 be that in the cathedral of Seville, which is stated 

 to have 1 10 stops and 5300 pipes. There are several 

 organs in that cathedral, and this immense organ 

 is said to exceed them all considerably in size. The 

 method of blowing it is peculiar : a man walks up 

 and down a long planking, arranged like the famil- 

 iar 'see-saw,' the motion of which fills the bellows. 

 Since, however, there is a conflict of testimony as 

 to the Seville organ, and no certain indication of 

 its magnitude can be gathered except by reports 

 upon hearsay, the superiority in point of size among 

 theorgans of" Europe is usually conceded to the Dutch 

 organs. The organ in the cathedral of St Lawrence 

 at Rotterdam is an immense structure, containing 

 a great organ with 18 stops, a choir with 15, a posi- 

 tive with 18, an echo with 8, and a pedal-organ 

 with 16 stops. These, along with 11 accessory 

 stops, make up a total of 86 stops. The organ at 

 the cathedral of St Bavon at Haarlem was long 

 celebrated as the largest in the world. It took 

 three and a half years to build, and cost 10,000. 

 It possesses 4088 pipes and 60 stops, exclusive of 

 accessory stops. The organ of the Protestant 

 Church in Utrecht has 59 Mops, including 

 the accessory ones ; that in the Octagon Church 

 at Rotterdam possesses a total complement of 

 62 stops. St Peter's at Rome has four smallish 

 organs, the largest of which has only 2 manuals 

 and pedal, and 27 stops in all, thus divided 

 great, 17 ; swell, 6 ; pedal, 4. The second largest 

 organ in St Peter's lias but 1 manual and pedal. 

 '"ii'Tnlly speaking, the Italian organs are much 

 inferior in point of size to those of the northern 

 nations. 



Up till the middle of the nineteenth century, little 



interest was taken in organ-building in America. 

 The erection of the great organ in the Music Hall, 

 Boston, by a German builder, Walcker of Wurtem- 

 berg, gave the first impetus to public interest in 

 the matter. Roosevelt of New \ork, and Jardine, 

 likewise of New York, are two of the best-known 

 organ-builders in America at the present time. 

 Roosevelt has invented ' the automatic adjustable 

 combination,' which enables the player to place 

 any required combination of stops under immediate 

 control, and to alter such combinations as frequently 

 as desired. By his construction of the wind-chest, 

 also, each pipe has its own valve, actuated by com- 

 pressed air. Among the largest organs in America 

 are the organs of the Roman Catholic Cathedral, 

 Montreal, the cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston, 

 which possesses 83 stops ; the Music Hall, Cincin- 

 nati, with 96 stops and 4 manuals, and the Tremart 

 Temple, Boston, with 65 stops. 



For the structure of the organ, see Hopkins and Him- 

 bault, The Onjan (Lond. 1855). For the history of the 

 organ, see Rowbothain's History of Music, vol. iii. chaps. 

 K, 6 ; and book iv. chap. 2 ( Li<nd. 1887 ). For organ-play- 

 ing, see Archer's Practical Oryan Tutor, Best's School for 

 the Onjan, Stainer's The On/on. There are also works 

 on the organ by Warman ( 1882-87 ) and Elliston ( 1894 ), 

 and a very full organ bibliography in Note* and Queries 

 for 1-90. The American organ is discussed at HAR- 

 HONIUH ; and BAKUEL-OUGAN is a separate article. 



Organ, Organic, Organism, terms derived 

 form the Greek orgaiton, 'an instrument,' and still 

 retaining in some of their applications that signi- 

 ficance. But the words have found special accept- 

 ance in connection with the forms of life ; Liiiiiieus 

 described these, whether animals or plants, as 

 Organitata; and we constantly speak of them as 

 organisms, of their larger, well-defined, and integ- 

 rated parts as organs, of their internal activity and 

 its products as organic. Prior to the year 1828 

 it was believed that certain chemical compounds 

 which were produced as the results of vital processes 

 occurring within the tissues of animal and vegetable 

 organisms could not )>e obtained by the ordinary 

 methods of the chemical lalioratory ; and these 

 compounds were, for this reason, designated as 

 organic. Wohler in that year, however, discovered 

 that inca, the most important solid constituent of 

 urine, could be obtained 'artificially, 'as it has been 

 called, from inorganic materials. Since that date 

 a very large numl>er of so-called organic compounds 

 have been prepared artificially, so that the original 

 signification of the term ' organic ' does not hold any 

 longer; and the old conception of an organism as 

 an engine-like collection of organs with fixed func- 

 tions is disappearing before the doctrine that it is 

 the protoplasm or Jiving stuff in all parts of the 

 Ixnly that is the basis of all vital activities. The 

 title of organic chemistry is now commonly applied 

 to the chemistry of the compounds of carbon, 

 whether these compounds are obtainable only as 

 the products of vital processes or not ; sec the 

 articles CHEMISTRY and ANALYSIS (ORGANIC). 

 Organic impurities in water are those due to 

 animalcules, bacteria, and decomposing organisms ; 

 while such phrases as 'organic disease,' 'organic 

 connection,' refer to the relation between a living 

 organism and its parts. See BIOLOGY, FUNCTION, 

 MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY. For organic bases, 

 see ALKALOIDS ; for organic radicals, see RADICAL. 



Organo-metallic Bodies. Under this term 

 are included a large number of chemical compounds 

 in which organic radicals, such as methyl, CH 3> 

 ethyl, CoH 5 , &c. , are united to metals. Amongst 

 the earliest obtained of these substances were 

 those derived from the metal zinc. Zinc-methyl, 

 Zn(CH 3 )j, and zinc-ethyl, Zn(C 2 H 5 ) 2 , which may 

 be taken as examples of the class, are colourless 

 liquids, heavier than water, which boil at 46 and 



