640 



ORGAXZINE 



OR I GEN 



118* C. respectively. They take fire spontaneously 

 in contact with air, ami Imrn with tin; production 

 of a dense whit- smoke of oxide of /tin: In con 

 tact with the skin they give rise t<> sexen- wounds 

 which are ver\ diMicult to heal. They are decom- 

 ]>osed with great energy liy water. Sulntancea 

 analogous to these zinc compounds have been pre- 

 paicd. containing eHdmiiini, magnesium, nntimony, 

 arsenic, bismuth, tin, aluminium, nirrcury, lead, 

 sodium, potassium, and some rare metals. 



For further information on this inbject, ce nn article 

 by l)r Kranklanil. in the 13th vol. of the Quarterly 

 J'nir. of Ikr Ckrmital !**. ; aim) the article on 'Orgmno- 

 inetallio Bodies' in Watt'* l>irl. of CtirmiHr.y ; or any 

 of the larger recent text-book* of organic chemistry. 



Orgnnztne. See SILK. 



Orjfies, secret rites or customs connected with 

 the worship of some of the pagan deities ; as the 

 secret worship of Demeter, and the festival of 

 Dionyra, which was accompanied with many 

 customs of mystic symbolism, and much license. 

 From this latter accident comes obviously the 

 modern sense of drunkenness and debauchery 

 implied in the word. See MYSTERIES. 



Orihasill*. a Greek medical author, and 



K'lysicinn to .Inlian the Apostate (326-403 A.D.). 

 e was liorn at Pergamus or Sanlis, anil his works 

 are largely compilation-, from Cah>n(see MEDICINE, 

 p. 117). There is an edition of his works in 6 vols. 

 by liulfemaker and Darem berg ( Paris, 1852-76). 



Oriel Movement. See KEBLE, NEWMAN. 



Oriel Window, a projecting window in an 

 upper story, snp|>orted on corbels, having more 

 sides than one, usually three, and commonly 

 diiided into bays by rnullions. It is one of the 

 most picturesque features in media-val and Eliza- 

 bethan domestic architecture, and adds much to 

 the convenience of the interior. The word oriel 

 (Slid. Lat. oriolitm, probably dim. from os, arts, 

 as if a small opening or recess) formerly meant a 

 chain tier or apartment, and a window is so called 

 which makes, as it were, a small apartment off a 

 large room. My old writers oriels are called Bay 

 Windows (q.v.). 



Orientation, in Architecture, is the position of 

 a church so that its chancel shall point towards the 

 east. This was a fashion invariably adopted in 

 northern countries, but not adhered to in Italy and 

 the -uinh. 8t Peter's at Home, for example, has 

 the flmir to the went, and the principal entrance 

 towards the east. The orientation of churches is 

 not usually very exactly to the east, and it is 



supposed that the east end in .-on a-es lias been 



set so as to point towards the place where the sun 

 rises on the morning of the patron saint's day. In 

 other cases the choir and nave are not built exactly 

 in a straight line, the choir having thus a slight 

 inclination to one side, which in the svmholuim of 

 the middle age* was supposed to indicate the 

 liowing of our Saviour's head upon tin- cross. 

 This departure from the line of the true east, how- 

 ever, in many instances arose more probably from 

 carelessness or ignorance. 



Oriflnmme, the red silk banner first of the 

 AlilM'v of St Items, and afterwards of France, was 

 so called because it was a flag (Jlamme) borne on a 

 gilded ( or = gold ' ) staff. See FLAG. 



Orlsen, the most learned and original of the 

 early clmrch fathers, and |x>rhaps the noblest figure 

 amongst them all, was l>orn, probably at Alex- 

 andria, in Is;, or 186. Mis full name was Origcncs 

 Adantantius. He was the son of the Christ ian 

 martyr Leonidas, who was Iteheaded under Severn* 

 in 202. 'Origen was great even from his cradle,' 

 says Jerome. In the early years when he was 

 iimiriieti.il by his father, usehius tells us, ' the 



simple ami easy meanings of the sacred Scriptures 

 were not enough for him, but he sought something 

 deeper,' and Leonidas would often 1.,-nd over his 

 sons bed as he lay asleep and kiss his bi> 

 'which tin- Spirit of Hod had made His temple.' 

 In the catechetical school of ('lenient he formed the 

 friendship of Alexander, afterwards Bishop of Jeru- 

 salem. He encouraged his father to martyrdom, 

 and his purpose of joining him in this was only 

 frustrated by the artifice of his mother, who con- 

 cealed all his clothes. After his father's death he 

 supported his mother ami six brothers by teaching 

 giammar.' and from his eighteenth year he acted, 

 with the consent of his Kishop I Vmetiins, as master 

 of the catechetical school. A collection of classical 

 !>ooks which he had liought or copied out for him- 

 self he sold for a sum which yielded him four obols 

 ( or about 6d. ) a day, which sufficed lor his simple 

 wants for many years. According to Knscbins he 

 went so far in his asceticism a- to mutilate himself, 

 following a literal interpretation of Matthew, xix. 

 12, but by some this is doubted. His intercom^' 

 with heretics and educated heathens led him to 

 devote himself to more thorough study of Plato, the 

 later Platouists and Pythagoreans, a'nd the Stoics, 

 under the guidance of the Ncophitonist Ammonius 

 Saccas. At Alexandria he taught for twenty-eight 

 years (204-232), composed the chief of his dogmatic 

 treatises, and commenced his great works of textual 

 and exegetical criticism. The labours of those 

 years were interrupted by journeys to Home, 

 Arabia, Antioch, and other places. l)uring a visit 

 to Palestine in 216 the bishmie Alexander of Jeru- 

 salem and Theoctistns of C;csarea had employed 

 him to deliver public lectures in the churches, and 

 on a later occasion (in 230) had consecrated him as 

 a presbyter without referring to his own bishop. 

 A synod held at Alexandria under I>emctrius for- 

 bade him to teach in that citv, and a second Alex- 

 andrian synod (consisting of uuhopa only ) deprived 

 him of the office of presbyter. The churches of 

 Palestine, Phoenicia, Arabia, and Achaea declined, 

 however, to concur in tliis sentence. Origen then 

 settled at Cirsarea in Palestine, which was his 

 chief home for twenty years. He there founded a 

 school which afforded its disciples a thorough 

 training in literature, philosophy, and theology. 

 Among their iinmlier were Cregorv ThMUMtUgM 

 and Firmilian of the rappodoci.-in CBEMIML I" the 

 latter city Origen took refuge for two years during 

 the Miixiniiniiui persecution. In the last twenty 

 years of his life he made many other journeys. 

 In the I leeiaii persecution he wax arrested at Tyre 

 and cruelly tortured. He died there in 2o.'i or 'J.M. 

 Origen was a most voluminous writer. ' Which 

 of us,' asks Jerome, 'can read all that he has 

 written?" Yet the statement of Epiphanius that 

 his works numbered 6000 is doubtless exaggerated. 

 His exegetical writings extended over nearly the 

 whole of the Old and New Testaments, and in- 

 cluded Scholia (short notes), Homilies, and (>///<- 

 an ntiiriet. Of the Homilies only a small part has 

 been preserved in the original, much, however, in 

 tin 1 Latin translations by liulinns and by Jerome : 

 but unfortunately these cannot I* relied upon, for. 

 the translators thought fit to modify and tamper 

 with them. Of the Commentaries a numlicr of 

 l>ooks on Matthew and on John are extant in 

 ( ireek, those on John of great value for the study of 

 his speculative theology. Origen 's gigantic Htxafl*, 

 the real foundation of the textual criticism of the 

 Scriptures, was too large to be preserved entire. The 



remains of its text of the ScptnuLiint wen Heeled 



by Morn, de Slontfaueon ( '.' vols. fol. Paris, 1713) 

 and Field (2 vols. Oxford, 187ft). His Eight JS,,l.-t 

 against Celsus(f|.v.), written in his old age, are pre- 

 d entire in the original Creek. This, the great- 

 est of early Christian apologies, effectively appeals 



