ORLOFF 



ORMONDE 



645 



Paris. In October (1788) he promulgated his 

 Deliberations, written by Laclos, to the effect that 

 the tiers (tat was the nation, and in June 1789 

 he led the forty-seven nobles who seceded from 

 their own order to join it. There is no doubt that, 

 guided by Adrien Duport and others, he dreamed 

 of some day becoming constitutional king of 

 France, or at least regent, but it is no less certain 

 that the indolent debauchee was to a great extent 

 the mere dupe of a party, and at no time the deep 

 designing villain he was believed to be at court. 

 There the blame of everything was cast upon his 

 head, even of such great outbursts of the revolu- 

 tionary fever as the fall of the Bastille and the 

 inarch of the women on Versailles. Orleans 

 gradually lost influence, and felt so hopeless of the 

 Revolution that he would willingly nave gone to 

 America had his mistress, the abandoned Comtesse 

 de Butfon, consented to accompany him. From 

 October 1789 to July 1790 he was absent in England 

 on a mission, and after his return he took a smaller 

 share in political matters than before, while his 

 efforts to come to an understanding with the court 

 were still met with repulse. In September 1792 

 all hereditary titles being swept away, he de- 

 manded a new name from the Paris electors, and 

 adopted that of Philippe Egalite, suggested by 

 Manuel. He was elected the twentieth deputy for 

 Paris to the Convention, and gave his vote of 

 death for the king, which sent a shudder to the heart 

 even of the Mountain. His eldest son, the Duke of 

 Chartres, afterwards King Louis-Philippe, was a 

 brave and active officer on the staff of Dumouriez, 

 and rode over with lib chief into the Austrian 

 camp. Egalite was at once arrested with all the 

 Bourbons still in France, and, after six months' 

 durance at Marseilles, was brought to Paris for 

 trial. He was found guilty of royalism and con- 

 spiracy and guillotined the same (lay, 6th Novem- 

 ber 1793, dying with courteous phrases on his lips 

 and all the high courage of the old regime. 



See Baschet's ffutoire de Philippe EijcUM, the elaborate 

 work l.y Tuurnois (2 vols. 1840-43), and Mrs Elliot's 

 Journal ( 1859). 



Orloll'. a Russian family that first rose to 

 eminence during the reign of Paul III., when one 

 of its members, Gregory (1734-83), attracted the 

 notice of the Grand-duchess Catharine, afterwards 

 the Empress Catharine II., and succeeded Ponia- 

 towski as her favourite. It was this man who 

 planned the murder of Peter III., and his brother 

 Alexis ( 1737-1809) who committed the deed ( 1762). 

 Both brothers were men of gigantic stature and 

 herculean strength. The family of .the Counts 

 Bobrioski resulted from Gregory's intercourse with 

 the empress. The legitimate line of Orloff soon 

 became extinct ; but Feodor, a brother of Gregory 

 and Alexis, left four illegitimate sons, one of whom, 

 Alexis (1787-1861), signalised himself during the 

 French wars and in Turkey, negotiated the treaties 

 of Adrianople (1829) and Unkiar-Skelessi (1833), 

 and represented Russia at the London conference 

 of 1832 on the affairs of Belgium and Holland. In 

 1844 he was placed at the head of the secret police, 

 and stood high in favour with the Emperor 

 Nicholas, who employed him in the negotiations 

 with Austria previous to the Crimean war. In 1856 

 he sat in the congress of Paris as the representative 

 of Russia, and on his return was made president 

 of the grand council of the empire and president of 

 the committee for the enfranchisement of the 

 serfs. For the Orloff diamond, see DIAMOND. 



Ormer. See HALIOTIS. 



Ormerod, ELEANOR A., entomologist, the 

 daughter of George Ormerod ( 1785-1873), the 

 historian of Cheshire. She commenced her con- 

 tributions to the science of entomology in 1868 



in connection with the Bethnal Green Museum. 

 In 1880 she edited the Cobham Journals, being 

 the meteorological and other observations made 

 during forty years by Miss C. Molesworth, and 

 involving enormous labour in the consultation of 

 75,000 observations. In 1882 Miss Onnerod was 

 appointed consulting entomologist of the Royal 

 Agricultural Society, and shortly afterwards became 

 special lecturer on economic entomology at the 

 Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Her 

 Manual of Injurious Insects (1881 ) and her Guide 

 to Methods of Insect Life (1884) are the most 

 generally interesting of her works, which consist 

 principally of papers on different injurious insects 

 of South Africa and Australia, as well as of 

 England. She died 19th July 1901. 



Or'inulu. a name sometimes given to brass of a 

 golden yellow colour. 



Ormonde, an old name for what became after- 

 wards East Munster, comprising Tipperary. 



Ormonde, JAMES BUTLER, DUKE OF, was the 

 first of the ancient Anglo-Irish family of Butler on 

 whom the ducal title was conferred. The family 

 was of illustrious antiquity. In the beginning of 

 the 13th century Theobald Butler, from whom the 

 Duke of Ormonde was descended, held the hered- 

 itary office of royal cupbearer or butler of Ireland. 

 The subject of the present article was born in 

 London in 1610. His father, the son of the cele- 

 brated Walter, Earl of Ormonde, was drowned in 

 crossing the Channel ; and the old earl having 

 incurred the displeasure of the king, James I., and 

 being thrown into prison, James, who on his father's 

 death became, as Viscount Thurles, the heir of the 

 title, was taken possession of as a royal ward, and 

 placed under the guardianship of the Archbishop 

 of Canterbury. On the restoration of his grand- 

 father to liberty, he also was released ; and in hU 

 twentieth year he married his cousin, Lady Elixa- 

 beth Preston, and in 1632 succeeded, upon his 

 grandfather's death, to the earldom and estates of 

 Ormonde. During the Stratford administration in 

 Ireland Ormonde distinguished himself so much 

 that on Stratford's recall he recommended him 'to 

 the king ; and in the rebellion of 1640 Ormonde 

 was appointed to the chief command of the army. 

 During the troubled times which followed he con- 

 ducted himself with undoubted ability, although, 

 as a necessary consequence of the numberless 

 divisions and subdivisions of party which then pre- 

 vailed in Ireland, he failed to satisfy any one of 

 the conllicting sections ; and when, in 1643, he con- 

 cluded an armistice, his policy was loudly con- 

 demned as well by the friends as by the enemies of 

 the royalist party in England. During the long 

 contest of Charles with the Parliament, Ormonde 

 continued to uphold the royal interest in his Irish 

 government ; and when the last crisis of the king's 

 fortunes came, he resigned his Irish command, and 

 retired to France, from which country he again 

 returned to Ireland with the all but desperate 

 design of restoring the royal authority. After a 

 gallant but unequal struggle, he was, however, 

 compelled, in 1650, to return to France. His 

 services to the royal cause continued unremitting 

 during his exile ; and at the Restoration he accom- 

 panied Charles II. on his return, and was rewarded 

 for his fidelity by the ducal title of Ormonde. HU 

 after-life was less eventful, although he twice again 

 returned to the government of Ireland. It was in 

 1679 that the well-known attempt was made by the 

 notorious Colonel Blood (q.v. ) upon the life of 

 Ormonde. As he was returning from a civic 

 festival, he was attacked by Blood and a party of 

 ruffians, and was dragged from his coach with the 

 intention of his being hanged at Tyburn. The 

 attempt drew additional interest from its being 



