680 



ORTHOCLASE-ROCK8 



OSAKA 



granules, crystals, and scales. The rock is met 

 with amongst I'ala-o/oie strata, Imth as contem- 

 poi.uieo.is lava flows and as intrusive masses. See 

 also KKI.SPU:. and ICNKHI s UKCKS. 



See PETROGRArnv. 

 Orthodoxy (Cr. rM, 'right,' and ilnxn, 'an 

 opinion'), a name given bv theologians to religious 

 opinions in agreement with Sciipturc and historical 

 tradilion. or rather with the interpretation of these 

 entertained by the particular church to which they 

 theiii-elves happen to lielong. While it is true 

 that the great cardinal and essential points 

 Christian dogma have U'IMI preserved by all sec- 

 lions of the Church of Christ, the gravest diver- 

 gences have also arisen, alike in doctrine and 



practice, each fortilied by an assn I infallible 



interpretation of the letter of Scripture or the line 

 of historical descent in the usage of the church. 

 The antithesis of nrt/i</'i.i-i/ is firlerwliu-i/ (heteros, 

 'other' Le. ' wrong,' and <l;.rn, opinion'). 



Orthoepy (Gr. art tin.*, ' right;' tpo*, 'a word '), 

 a branch of grammar that treats of the correct pro- 

 nunciation of the words of a language, 



Orthography. See SPELLING. 



Orthoptera (Gr., 'straight- winged '), an order 



of Insects (q.v. ). 



Ortolan (Emberiza hortiiltiiia), a species of 

 Hunting (q.v.) of the Finch family Fnngilliihc. 

 The adult male is about six inehes'long; has the 

 head, neck, and upper breast slate-gray suliused 

 with yellow; bill reddish brown; chin, throat, 

 and feathers round the eye yellow, with a narrow 

 band of greenish gray descending from a little in 



front of the angle 

 of the mouth ; back, 

 wing-coverts and 

 secondaries fulvous 

 brown with dark 

 stripes; rump red- 

 dish brown. The 

 plumage of the 

 female is paler in 

 I colour. The orto- 

 ' Ian in its summer 

 migrations ranges 

 as far north as the 

 Arctic Circle in 

 Scandinavia. In 

 the south of Kuropc. 

 where it is found 

 in great numbers, 

 and in the north 

 OrtoUn ( Einljrrun hortulana ). of Africa, where it 

 sometimes bieeds, it 



is hut a summer visitor. In winter it migrates us 

 far south as to Abyssinia and North western India, 

 lull its true winter quarters have not vet been 

 accurately ascertained. Though enormously abund- 

 ant in certain localities on the Continent, 'it is rare 

 in Hiitaiu, and many of the specimens captured 

 have no doubt escaped from captivity, considering 

 the huge quantities ini|Mirted alive from Holland 

 and Belgium. It frequents bushy places, and 

 builds its n en i of dry grass always on the ground 

 and generally in the open fields, though sometimes 

 among herbage or under low bushes. It lays from 

 four to six eggs, which vary in colour from very 

 pale bliiisl, white to salmon colour, skilled with 

 rich purple brown, with underlying spots of pale 

 violet, not streaked as is usual with other buntings. 

 The note of the male is rather metallic, and his 

 song at times is incessant and very monotonous. 

 The food consist, ,,f bwtlwaad other insects and 

 weds. Large numbers of ortolans are netted during 

 their migrations, and confined in dark or dimly- 

 lighted rooms, where they are fattened upon oat* 



and millet until ready for the table. Their flesh is 

 considered a great delicacy. 



Orion. AitTiirii. See TICHIIOKXK. 



Ortona. a town of Italy, on the Adriatic. In4 

 miles by rail SSK. of Ancoiia. It has a cathedral 

 and a recently improved liarUuir. Pop. 6366. 



Ort.VX. Sii- 



Omro, capital of the department of Oniro, in 

 Bolivia, stands on a saline plain Il.!t6() feet above 

 the sea, near the salt lake of Ailllagas, and ]<>-- 

 ~ mines of silver, ^old, and tin. Pounded in 

 1590, it had 70,000 inhabitant* in Ki.V>. but now, 

 though connected by rail with Antofa^asta, Imsonly 

 l.'f.'iiKI. The department, bordering on 1'ern. 

 an area of 21,000 M. m. and a pop. of 111,400. Tl it- 

 soil is saline, hut the mineral wealth is great. 



Orvk'to, a city in the Jliilian pro\im ..... I 

 Perngia, 7.S miles NN\V. of Home, crowns an 

 isolated tufa rock, which rises Tli.'i feet abo\'<- the 

 river Pallia, and 1.T27 aliove sea-level. The cruci- 

 form cathedral I l'J!MM5SO), one of the most Ueaiui- 

 fill and richly deem ate. I specimens of Italian Cot hie, 

 is built of black and white marble, and mia- 

 295 feet by 109. The facade is iiiisin passed in 

 richness of material, and 'in the beauty of its 

 mo-aics. sen 1] it n res, and elaboiate ornamentation. 

 The interior also is magnificently decorated with 

 M'lilptnres and with paintings by Luca Si^noielli, 

 Fra .Ant,-elico, \-c. The bishop's palace and St 

 Patrick's Well ( liV27-4(l), with its iVi steps, are also 

 noteworthy. Pop. 7304. Orvieto, called in the 

 7th century A.I). I'rfm I'rftis of which its )ui-ent 

 name is a corruption- has by some been suppo-.d 

 to occupy the site of the Kinisc.-ui Yolsimi. In 

 the middle ajres it gave shelter to thirty-two popi -. 

 See works by Grnner (Leip. 18, r )8), lierir (Lond 

 1884), and I'iccolnmini (Siena, 1885). 



Orwell. See li-swii ii. 



Orj'X, an old name given to several larj_'e and 

 heavy African antelopes, with very loii^'. slightly 



. 



curved horns. One species ( Hifpotrama /-',, 

 frequents the ileserts of Central Africa, and . 

 extended farther north, as is shown by the frequency 

 of its apparently ' unicorn ' ligure on ancient n ..... n- 

 ments. Another form ( //. mj.i -11x1.1) is found in 

 Kalliaria, Hut the name oryx has been used 

 somewhat widely. See AxTELoi'KS. 



Oryzn. See RICE. 



Osilite OrniIKO (Mrln,;t <inr,inlinca),n tree 

 of the natural order Morace;e, a native of North 

 America. It attains a height varying, according 

 to soil and situation, from -JO to (!0 feet. It 



is of the same j;enus with T'lisij,. HJ.V.), and its 

 wood, which is bright yellow, probably mi^lit be 

 used for dyeing. The wood is line Drained and very 

 elastic, and takes a high polish ; it is much used 

 for fence posts, sleepcis, paving-blocks, \c. The 

 tree is largely employed in America, especially in 

 the west, as a lic.l^e plant : it has also been intro- 

 duced into lirilain lor that purpose, but |ms not 

 met with general appreciation. Its fruit is aUmt 

 the six.e of a lar^e orange, has a tulM'ivulatcd 

 surface of a (.'olden colour, and is tilled internally 

 with radiating, somewhat woody libres. an ,l w ith a 

 vellow milky juice, the odour of which is generally 

 lisliked, so that the fi uit, although not un whole- 



some, is seldom eaten. 



Osnges, a trilK- of American Indians, of the 

 I'akota stiM-k, formerly verv troublesome, Imt now- 

 settled in the north of Indian Territory, with 

 Quaker teachers. They number aliout 1800, 



Osaka, or O/AKA, an im)iortant city of central 

 Tapan, situated at the head of the e;ulf of the same 

 tame, and at the month of the Vodo Uiver, which 

 ssues from Lake liiwa. The cit\ covers an area of 



