OSBORX 



OSIANDER 



651 



about 8 sq. m., and is intersected with canals. Its 

 fine castle, the stones of whose walls are of astonish- 

 ing size, was constructed by Hideysohi's orders in 

 1583, and the palace, Irailt afterwards in its precincts 

 and destroyed in 1868, was perhaps the most mag- 

 nificent structure in Japan. Osaka is the great 

 commercial centre of the empire, and the head- 

 quarters of the rice and tea trade. Its port does 

 not admit of the entrance of large vessels. There 

 is a foreign settlement, mostly occupied by mission- 

 aries. Pop. ( 1889) 361,694 ; (1892) 479,546. 



Osboril, SHERARD, admiral and Arctic naviga- 

 tor, was born at Madras, 25th April 1822, the son 

 of an English officer, and entered the navy in 1837. 

 He took part in the capture of Canton ( 1841 ), and 

 of the defences of Woo-sting (1842); commanded 

 vessels in two expeditions sent out in 1849 and 

 1852-55 respectively to search for Sir John Franklin ; 

 was head of the division of the British fleet that 

 served in the Sea of Azov during the Crimean war ; 

 and took a leading share in the Chinese war of 

 1 Vi7 "lit, penetrating up the Yang-tsze-kiang as far 

 as Hankow. After his retirement from active duty 

 he -Mpi-riritendi-d the construction of a submarine 

 telegraph between Great Britain and Australia, and 

 was made rear-admiral in 1873. He died 6th May 

 1^7">. Besides publishing stray Leaves from an 

 Arctic Junrniil ( 1852), Journals of Robert M'Clure 

 (1856), and Career, Last Voyage, anil Fate of Sir 

 John Franklin (1860), lie proved his interest in 

 Arctic exploration by inducing A. H. Markham to 

 test the navigability of Baffin Bay in winter ( 1873) 

 by steam-power, and by helping to fit out the 

 expedition which sailed under Nares in 1875. 



Osborne. See LEEDS (DuKK OF). For DOROTHY 

 i>si:i,i:XK, M't-TE.Mi-1. EI Sin WILLIAM );forOsnoRNE 

 Hof>K, see ('OWES ; and for the OSBORNE or 

 ST HELEN'S BEDS, see OLICOCEXE SYSTEM. 



Osfiins (Lat. Osci or Opsci ; Gr. Opikoi), the 

 name of an Italian people, who at an early period 

 occupied Campania, anil were either closely allied 

 to or the same race as the Ausones. Subsequently 

 (about 423 B.C. ) Samnitcs from the hilly districts 

 to the north overran the country, and amalgamated 

 with the inhabitants whom they had subjugated ; 

 anil the names Osci and Oscan language were sulrae- 

 quently applied to all the other races and dialects 

 whose origin was nearly or wholly the same. The 

 Oscan laiiguage was not substantially different 

 from the Latin, but only a ruder and more primi- 

 tive form of the same central Italic tongue. By 

 the victories of the Romans over the Samnites, and 

 the conferring of the civitas on all the Italians 

 (88 B.C.), an end was put to the official use of the 

 Oscan tongue ; nevertheless, in the time of Varro 

 (1st century B.C. ) it was still used by the people. 

 During its most flourishing |>erii>d it was something 

 more than a country patois; it is even possible 

 that the Oscans had a literature and art of their 

 own (see ATELLAN^E). Besides a considerable 

 nntnl>er of coins with Oscan legends, there are 

 still extant a numl>er of inscriptions in the Oscan 

 tongue (see INSCRIPTIONS). 



See Mommncn'B Otkitche Slvdien (1845), and Unttr- 

 italitehen DialekU (Leip. 1850); ZvutaieflTn Sylloge 

 Inter. Otcarum (Petersb. 1878). 



Osceo'Ia (As-se-he-ho-lar, 'Black Drink'), a 

 Seminole chief, was Imni in Georgia in 1804, the 

 son of an English trailer, named Powell, and of a 

 chief's daughter. With her he removed to Florida 

 while a child, and there attained great influence 

 among the Indians. In 1835 his wife, the daughter 

 of a runaway slave, was seized as a slave. The 

 outraged husband threatened revenge, and for his 

 threats was imprisoni-d six days in irons by General 

 Thompson : six months afterwards he killed the 

 general and four others outside Fort King. This 



was the beginning of the second Seminole war. 

 He then placed himself at the head of a band which 

 had surprised and massacred Major Dade and a 

 detachment of soldiers, and taking to the almost 

 impenetrable Everglades, with two or three hun- 

 dred followers, he fought for nearly two years with 

 great energy and skill the superior numbers sent 

 against him. He was taken prisoner at last, in 

 October 1837, by General Jesup, while holding 

 a conference under a flag of truce an act of 

 inexcusable treachery, though represented as one 

 of retaliation and confined in Fort Monltrie until 

 his death, 30th January 1838. Mnytie Reid, in 

 Oceola, has woven the story into a romance. 



Osoott, a Roman Catholic college, near Bir- 

 mingham, which claims to be the centre of the 

 Roman Catholic movement in England. The name 

 (or Auscott, as it is spelt in Camden'B Sri tamnia ) is 

 first met with towards the close of the 17th century 

 as the seat of a Catholic mission, which continued 

 to be served by different priests till in 1752 it was 

 formed into a college for the education of both 

 laymen and ecclesiastics, and called St Mary's 

 College. In 1835 the present fine buildings were 

 erected, and in 1889 the establishment became 

 purely ecclesiastical, no longer admitting lay 

 students. It is now styled St Mary's Seminary, 

 and the curriculum includes a course of higher 

 classics, science, and mathematics, to meet the 

 requirements of the London University B.A. Exam. 

 After this the course consists of two years of 

 mental philosophy and three and a half of theology 

 and kindred subjects. The staff' includes a rector, 

 vice-rector, and eight professors, and the seminary 

 i open to students from any British diocese. 



O'Sliailglmcssy, ARTHUR, minor poet, was 

 born in London, 14th March 1846. He was em- 

 ployed in the natural history division of the British 

 Museum, nuiriied a daughter of Dr Westland 

 Marston, whom he lost in 1879, and followed to 

 the grave on 3Ist January 1881. During his brief 

 life he published Epic of Women (1871 ), The Lays 

 of France (1872), and Music and Moonlight ( 1874) ; 

 and soon after his death appeared Songs of a 

 Worker (1881 ). As a poet he is somewhat diffuse, 

 over-gorgeous in colour, and not sulliciently dis- 

 cerning in his admiration for modern French 

 models ; yet he reveals imagination, passion, ten- 

 derness, melody, and a mastery of lyrical forms. 



Osllkosll, capital of Winnebago county, Wis- 

 consin, on both sides of the Fox River, at its 

 entrance to Lake Winnebago, 80 miles by rail 

 NNW. of Milwaukee. The lake (30 miles by 12), 

 with the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, which are 

 connected by a canal, forms a water-route between 

 Lakes Michigan and Superior. The city extends 

 along the lake for 4 miles, and contains a number 

 of handsome buildings. It carries on a great trade 

 in lumber, and contains fifteen sawmills, extensive 

 door and sash factories, and large manufactories of 

 furniture, matches, carriages, and soap, besides 

 pork-packing establishments. It is the seat of a 

 state normal school, and close by is a state lunatic 

 asylum. Oshkosh was incorporated in 1853, and 

 burned down in 1859 ; it was again partially 

 destroyed by fire in 1874 and 1875, and in 1885 a 

 cyclone overwhelmed part of the suburbs. Pop. 

 (1880) 15,748 ; ( 1890) 22,836 ; (1900) 28,284. 



Osiander, ANDREAS, German reformer, was 

 born on 19th December 1498, at Gunzenhausen, 

 near Nuremberg. His name is a Grrecised form of 

 the original German Heiligmann or Hosemann. 

 Educated at Ingolstadt, he declared himself an 

 adherent of Luther, and became a preacher at 

 Nureml>erg (1522), persuaded that city to declare 

 itself Lutheran, took part in the conference at 

 Marburg (1529), and was present at the diet of 



