< - ! KNS.MIY 



packets (a fonr hours' passage) were completed in 

 Is74; nnd a* a station also fur London steamers, 

 ami the terminus of various lines of railway, 

 Ostnd is a lively anil active place of ti.m-poit 

 trallic (butter, rabbit-, ov-tei-, .\i-. i. and tin' resort 

 in tlie season (July to Septcmlier) of 16,000 to 

 20.0011 visitor, from OtntUDJ, Kussia, anil all |>arts 

 of tin- Continent. It i-, moreover, itn important 

 li-hin;: station, ami ha- a good school of naviga- 

 tion, a handsome Citrsaal (1S7S). a hotel-de-ville 

 (1711), a fish-market, and a lighthouse ( 1771 : 175 

 feet). The plan- i* now notorious for gambling 

 facilities. Pop. (1S74) 16.533 ; (189.1) 27,250. 

 hilling from 1M7-. I Mend i- memorable for tlie 

 protracted siege l>y tlu> Spaniards which it under- 

 went from 7th '.July 1H01 to 2()th September 

 1004. Twice again it surrendered to the Allies 

 in 17(>ti. ami to the French in I74.V The fortifica- 

 tions ha\e IMM-II demolished since 1805. The 

 '((-tend Manifesto,' in American history, was a 

 despatch forwarded to tlie I'niteil States govern- 

 ment in IX.%4 by its ministers at the courts of (Jreat 

 Britain, France, ami Spain, who hail met here. l>y 

 the government's request, to discuss the Culian 

 question. The despatch declared that, if Spain 

 would not sell Cul<a, self-preservation required the 

 Vnited State- to take the island l>y force, and pre- 

 vent it from iNMiig Africauised like Hayti. Nothing, 

 however, eaioe of the ' manifesto.' 

 Ox|'l|Mry. See .MilNsTKANCK. 



Osteol'cuis (Or., 'Imne- scale'), a genus of 

 fi>ssil ganoid lish peculiar to the Old Keel Sand- 

 etone. It is characterised liy smiM)tli rliomlxii.ini 

 wales, by numerous sharply-pointed teeth, and by 



Osteolepu. 



having the two dorsal and anal fins alternating 

 with each other. The Imdy i- Ion;; and slender. 



Oxtcoloiry. Sec HUNK. SKKI.KTON, &c. 



O>l'rodc, a town of Hanover, at the western 

 liasc of the Har* Mountain)*, on the Sose, an 

 affluent of the Leine, 30 miles liy rail N\V. of 

 Nordhausen. Its church of St (iiles (724; reluiilt 

 1.17M ) contains the giaves of tlie dukes of tiruben- 

 hagen, and there are also a line town hall, baths, 

 large Krain-stores, and cotton, woollen, and linen 

 factories. Pop. (1890) 0757. OSTEHODE, in East 

 I'm ia, on tin 1'iewcn/, 77 miles N K. of Thorn, 

 haw a castleof tlie Teutonic knights (1270) and iron 

 in.uinfnctures. Pop. i Is'.XM 1)410. 



OsCilU a city of I.atitim, at the month of the 

 Tilier, 14 miles S\V. of I!, HIM-. It is said to have 



' ti founded l>y Aliens Martins, ami \\as regarded 



as the oldest Human colony. It first acquired 

 ImpOCtaaM from its salt-works, and afterwards as 

 the port where the Sicilian. Sardinian, and African 

 corn -hipped for Itnnie was landed : lint itn name 

 first occurs during the sncond Punic war. It a- 

 lon^, tM,, the |.rin.-ipal -tation of the Roman navy ; 

 lint its harhour w.-u. e\e<-edin<;ly liad. and >rraduaily 

 the entrance liecamc -iltcd up. so that vessels were 

 compelled to discharge their cargoes in the open 

 roadstead. At len-th. towards the middle of the 

 1st century A. P., the Em|>ror Claudius dug a new 

 harUmr or basin, 2 niilex to the north, and con- 

 nected it with the Tiln-r liy a canal. It was named 

 the Portia Auyiuti, and around it soon sprang up 



a new town called Port us l^tinm,'*. f'nrtnt 

 Pordis Iliimir. and often siniply 1'nrtiiK. ^.: r 

 wa- licit till nearly the clo-c ot the Koiiian emjiiie 

 that the jirosperitv of Ostia BS a city IH-^UH to 

 decline. It was, imwvrer, a mere ruin i 

 when (Irecory IV. fonndiil a village the modern 

 u-ti.i half a mile aliove the nnoieiit one. whose 

 100 inhaliitants still cany on the manufacture of 

 salt. The ruins of Ostia extend fora mile and a 

 half alonx' the Tilier, and are nearly a mile in 

 lireadth. Excavations were commenced in ITs.'i. 

 and have liven carried on systematically since 1855. 

 si-c MITHRAS. 



<>- 1 inks, or OSTYAKS, a T'ral-Altaic people 



living alon^' the lower course of the river (Mi in 

 we-teni SilM-ria, where they simple apiinst 

 chronic ]io\erty, ilrunkenties-. lrei|iiently famine, 

 to ^'et a living hy lishin^; and hunting fur-liearin^ 

 animals. They dwell in \\retclnil and very dirty 

 lints, eat tlesh raw, use IMIWS and arrow-, and 

 \\eaponsof hone and stone: and are still in prcat 

 part heathens. They are decreasing in nuniliers, 

 and are estimate<l now at 27,000. Their language 

 belongs to the Finnish division. 



Ostmen, or EASTMEX. See XOKTHMKX. 



Ostraoion. See COFFER-FISH. 



Ostracism, a right exercised hy tlie people of 



Athcii- of liatii-liiujr for a time any person whose 

 services, rank, or wealth appeared to l.e diinx'-roiis 

 to the lilierty of his fellow eiti/cns. or inconsistent 

 with their political equality. It was not a punish- 

 ment for any particular crime, hut rather a lire- 

 cautionary measure to remove such leaders as were 

 obviously exercising a dangerous ascend- 

 ency in the state. U-iraci-m was intro- 

 diieed liy Cleisthenes almut the iH-ginning 

 of the (ith century H.C., after the expul- 

 sion of the Pisistratiihe. The people were 

 annually asked by the 1'rvtanes if tbey 

 wished to exercise this rijrlit, and if they 

 did a public assembly ( -:i, xm i was helii, 

 and each citi/en had opportunity of de- 

 positing, in a place appointed for the pur- 

 pose, a potsherd \nxli-iil.-nii. also 'ovster- 

 shell') or small earthen tablet, on which 

 was written the name of the person for who-e 

 banishment he voted. Six thousand votes were 

 necessary for the banishment of any person : but 

 the great e- 1 men of Athens Miltiades. Themis- 

 tocles, Aristides. cimon, and Alcibiades^were 

 snhjecte<l to this treatment. The bitni-hnient was 

 at hrst for ten years, but the period was afterwards 

 restricted to live. Property and civil rights or 

 honours remained unafl'eeted by it. Alcilii.-i.les 

 succeeded in obtaining the linal almlition of Ml 

 cisrn, of which, however. I'lutaii'h and Aristotle 

 speak as a necessary political expedient, and its 

 utility has Wii very ably defended in modern times 

 by Urote (History ofGrcere, vol. iv. ). 



Ostracoda. See Cvritis, Ci:f<r v i \. 



Ostrich (Mriitliiii), a genus of birds which was 

 once included with tlie ca owarie-. emu, rhea. and 

 apteryx in a distinct order, the Katitic, but which is 

 probably licttcr regarded a- forming a family apart. 

 Kiirbringer thus places it : its neare-t allies appear 

 to lie the rheas of South America. There seem to l>e 

 two species of ostrich --vi/. Slriilhin i-ninrln.i and X. 

 HHiliflM/ii/ilmnf* : the dilTerenccs which distingULsh 

 them are not great. The ostrich N the hirgest exist- 

 ing bird, reaching a height of from six to eight i 

 As in the other 'struthious' birds (= ItatitnO, the 

 wings are somewhat ruditnentarv and quite n-ele-s 

 as organs of (light : but the bird spreads them out 

 when running, and they appear to act as sails. The 

 breastlxine or sternum has no keel that is, no 

 median ridge to which the great pectoral muscles 



