OUTRAM 



OVARIOTOMY 



665 



in wilfully avoiding execution of legal process. 

 Formerly, in the common law courts, if the defender 

 would not enter an appearance certain proceedings 

 were taken to outlaw him, so as to allow the action 

 to go on without his api>earance. These proceed- 

 ings, however, were abolished in 1879, and, in the 

 majority of cases, it is immaterial as regards the 

 action whether the defendant appear or not, pro- 

 vided he was properly served with the original writ 

 of summons. After judgment a defendant against 

 whom a capias was granted might l>e outlawed if 

 the sheriff failed to find him. These forms of 

 process are now obsolete. In criminal proceedings 

 it is still possible to outlaw a person who cannot he 

 found and arrested. But a criminal who flies the 

 country may now, as a general rule, be made 

 amenable to justice by applying to a foreign govern- 

 ment for his Extradition (q.v.). Outlawry there- 

 fore is practically obsolete. See Stephen's Criminal 

 Procedure. The effect of outlawry was that a man 

 forfeited his rights, and was precluded from suing 

 or defending in any English court; but the out- 

 lawry might be reversed by means of a plea or of 

 proceedings in Error (q.v.). 



Oil) rain. SIR JAMKS, the '.Bayard of India,' was 

 born 29th January 1803, at Butterley Hall, Derby- 

 shire, the residence of his father. Benjamin Outram 

 I 17'>4-1805), a well-known engineer. His mother 

 in 1810 removed with her live children to Aberdeen, 

 where and at Udny James was educated. After 

 one session at Marischal College, in 1819 he received 

 an Indian cadetship, and became lieutenant and 

 adjutant in the Bombay native infantry. Between 

 1823 and 1835 (in which latter year he married his 

 cousin, Margaret Anderson) he successfully organ- 

 i-.'.l a corns of the wild lihils ; from 1835 to 1838 

 he was political agent to the Mahi Kantha district 

 in Gujrat. In 1839 he attended Sir John Keane 

 as aide-de-camp into Afghanistan (q.v. ); and his 

 eight days' ride of 355 miles, disguised as an Afghan 

 merchant, from Kclat, through the perilous Bolan 

 Pass, to the sea, will long lie famous in eastern 

 annals. Appointed in 1840 political agent in Sind, 

 he distinguished himself by his heroic defence of 

 the British K'-idmcy at Hyderabad against 8000 

 Belnchis ( 15th February 1H43), as also by his manly 

 opposition to what he deemed Sir Charles Napier s 

 a;:ui'' -ive policy towards the Ameer. He was 

 afterwards resident at Satara and Baroda, and in 

 lH."i4. on the eve of the annexation of Oudh, was 

 selected by Lord Dalhousie for the highest political 

 office in India the Residency of Lucknow. In 

 1857, after a third brief furlough to Europe, he 

 commanded the Persian expedition a short, 

 brilliant campaign, wlmse objects triumphantly 

 attained, he returned to India a G.C.B. (he had 

 been knighted sixteen months before). When he 

 landed in July the Mutiny was raging ; and Lord 

 ('.inning tendered him the command of the forces 

 advancing to the rejief of Lucknow. He chivalrously 

 waived that glory in favour of his old lieutenant, 

 Havelock (q.v.), who already had fought eight 

 victorious battles with the rebels ; and accompanied 

 him only as chief -commissioner of Oudh, whilst 

 tendering his military services as a volunteer. 

 Lucknow (q.v.) was relieved, and Outram took the 

 command, but only to be in turn himself besieged. 

 He held the Aluin-bagh against almost overwhelm- 

 ing odds, until Sir Colin Campbell advanced to his 

 relief. He then made a skilful movement up the 

 left bank of the Gnniti, which led to a final and 

 complete victory. For his services he was in 1858 

 romoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, thanked 

 iv parliament, and created a baronet. He took his 

 *eat as a member of the Supreme Council at 

 Calcutta, but in 18(50 had to return to England, 

 already stricken by the hand of death. He spent 

 the winter of 1861-62 in Egypt, and, after a snort 



r 

 K 



stay in the south of France, expired at Paris, llth 

 March 1863. He was buried in Westminster 

 Abbey ; and statues of him have been reared in 

 London and Calcutta. See his Life by Major- 

 general Sir F. J. Goldsmid (2 vols. 1880). 



Outrigger. See BOAT. 



Oiiviranilra. or Ovirandrano. See LAT- 

 TICE LEAF, AQUATIC PLANTS. 



Ouzel, or OUSEL ( Old Fr. oisel, ' bird ' ), an old 

 name of the blackbird (as in Midsummer Niy/it's 

 Dream). But it is also applied to other birds. 

 Thus, one British thrush (1'm'diis torquattis) is 

 called the King Ouzel, and the Dipper (q.v.) is 

 very generally known as the Water Ouzel. 



OvanipOS, or OVAMBO, also called Otjiherero, 

 an industrious and peaceable Bantu people of the 

 west coast of Africa, inhabiting the country south 

 of the Cunene. Ovampoland is accordingly in the 

 German protectorate, and extends from Damara- 

 land northward to the Portuguese frontier. Some 

 50 miles from the coast the country rises into a 

 lofty tableland, which is moderately fertile, and 

 then declines to the south and east into the deserts 

 of the Kalihari and the region of Lake Ngami. 

 Many strong indications of copper ore are found 

 in various places. Ivory is still traded in. 



Ovariotomy, in Surgery, the excision of the 

 ovaries. The ovaries in the female are analogous 

 to the testes in the male, and are two oblong 

 flattened bodies (about an inch and a half in 

 length, three-quarters of an inch in width, and 

 nearly half an inch thick in the human subject), 

 situated on either side of the uterus, to which they 

 are connected by ligaments and by the Fallopian 

 tube. The ovary is composed of two well-defined 

 portions, a superficial or ' cortical ' portion, and a 

 deep or ' medullary ' portion. The whole is enclosed 

 in a tough fibrous coating, which is, however, closely 

 blended with the cortical portion, and cannot be 

 stripped off. It is termed the tunica albnginea. 

 The medullary portion is highly vascular, and of 

 a reddish colour. The cortical portion in the adult 

 ovary contains an enormous number of vesicles, 

 varying greatly in size. These are the Graafian 

 follicles, and contain the ova or germs the female 

 element of reproduction. Their number is estimated 

 at 30,000. From ten to twenty large and more 

 or less mature vesicles are found near the surface, 

 to which tbev gradually approach as they become 

 developed, The structure of these ovisacs and their 

 contained ova is somewhat complex, ami cannot be 

 described here. More or less coincident with men- 

 struation is the process of iiriilntinii, by which is 

 meant the rupture of the wall of Graafian follicle, 

 and the escape of the contained ovum. On its 

 escape from the ovary the ovum enters the end 

 of the Fallopian tube, by which it is conveyed 

 into the uterus. 



The ovary is the subject of several diseased 

 conditions. ( 1 ) It is the seat of acute and chronic 

 inflammation. This may arise from injuries during 

 lalMiur, operations in the pelvis, but very frequently 

 is the result of gonorrhu'al infection, spreading 

 from the vagina. Such inflammations cause great 

 organic changes in the structure, often leading to 

 sterility, and they are usually associated with severe 

 pain, frequently so intense as to unfit the subject 

 for all active duty. (2) The ovary is the seat of 

 new growths, which may be of several varieties. 

 Some represent enlargements of one or more 

 Graafian follicles, and attain an enormous size, 

 sometimes weighing 100 Ib. or more. They contain 

 fluid which is usually of a viscid, ropy nature, and 

 brownish colour, but sometimes presents other 

 characters. These are known as ovarian cysts. 

 Other tumours are of a more or less solid nature, 

 and contain portions of hair, teeth, bone, &c., and 



