OV.VKY 



OVEN 



are known as iltrmniil Ininmirx. Moreover, tlir 

 ii\aiii-- may IHVOIIIO the scat nf cancerous disea.se 

 wilh cir witlicnit the occurrence i>f such tumours. 



The trrutmriit of ovarian disease l>y tin- removal 

 of the ollcnding orpin is out- of tin 1 triumphs of 

 modern Mirgciy. Formerly relief in rystomata 

 was only obtained tem|Mirarily liy tapping i.e. 

 withdrawing come of the llniil by means of a 

 trocar ami canula. Hut the tiinionr almost always 

 filled a^ain. and, though tapping might \- repeated 

 time after time, tin- patient ultimately succumbed. 

 Now tin- abdominal wall is laid open, tin- Ininoiir 

 emptied as ninoli an possible of its content-, the 

 collapsed sac drawn through the inci.-ion, its neck 

 secure*! liy ligature or otherwise, the macs cut 

 away, tin- stinngi returned to tin' abdomen, ami the 

 wound carefully closed liy stitehes. 



Towards UM miihlle 'of the 19th century the 



operation was ]HM formed by a few surgeons, under 



th< protest of the great majority of the medical 



-ion ; now it takes its place as a routine 



opeiation. ileniamleil iii any suitable case, and 



)>erformed with results as regards the saving of 

 ife and restoration to health, together with an 

 immunity from risk, which can be claimed by 

 no other major operation. The operation for 

 extirpation of ovarian cystoma 

 was lirst pciformcd bv E|>hraim 

 M-Dowcll of Kentucky in ISO!), but 

 was established in Kngland as a 

 regular o]>eration by Charles Clay 

 of Manchester, who operated on his 

 first case in 1842. Clay operated MM 

 nearly 400 cases with 69 per cent. 

 of recoveries. Since then tbe o)>era- 

 tion has been performed many thou- 

 sands of times, and the mortality 

 has lieen reduced to a figure which 

 renders the ojieralion, while always 

 ime of the gravest, yet, in competent 

 hands, one of the safest in surgery. 

 To tliis result the lalmui-. in llritain 

 of Spencer NVells, Thomas Keith, 

 ami I.awson Tail have mainly con- 

 tributed. With the IK-SI operators 

 the mortality at this moment is 

 probably less than 5 per cent., and 

 (some have had series of over 100 

 case* without a death. This result 

 ha* been ascrilied to various causes, 

 such as the mode of treating the 

 pediele, or stump, the use of anti 



Oven. The old type of luiker's oven, still very 

 largely used, is a low arched chamber either of 

 brick with a tile or stone sole, or built emiiely of 

 stone. A common si/e of sole is !1 feet ti inches 

 by !l feet inches (some are smaller), with sides is 

 inches high, from which the crown or arch springs. 

 The door is in front, and the dough is put in with a 

 long wooden spade called a ' peel.' In one class of 

 these ovens the fireplace or furnace is placed in the 

 front corner, with an opening admitting the pro- 

 ducts of combustion directly into the oven, while 

 there is an exit Hue on the other side. This fur- 

 nace is tired from the liakchoiisc ; eoke or coal is 

 used for fuel, and any smoke is mostly cleared 

 away during the heating up of the oven. Some- 

 times the plan of having a fixed lire within the 

 oven itself is adopted, and another way is to have 

 a movable iron furnace, called a chaffer, which can 

 be shifted from place to place, so as to evenly heat 

 the oven. For this inside firing wood is the l'st 

 fuel. In Scotland a peculiar sort of stone is u-cd 

 for the construction of oven soles. It is a kind of 

 serpentine, is of a refractory nature, and is called 

 ' laKestone ' or 'leckstone.' This rock, termed by 

 geologists picrite, is quarried at Blackburn, near 

 liathgate, and two or three other places in Scot* 



Bailey-Baker Oven Longitudinal Sect on : 



A, furnace bars ; B, main flue ; C, air chamber ; D, door of oven ; 



E, E, doors of furnace. 



M-|.ties, \c. . but is probably most due to the ex- 

 perience acquired in dealing with the various com- 

 plications anil difficulties arising in the operation. 



Within the last few years the removal of the 

 ovaries and Fallopian tuln-s for other than cystic 

 disease has conic to lie recognised as a regular 

 openili'iu, and is now freiguently |>erformed. The 

 conditi'ins which are considered as demanding 

 this are: (I) Chronic inflammation in the ovaries 

 or tubes, resulting in the lorination of pus, &c. in 

 the latter, or giving rise to intolerable pain and 

 discomfort, and rendering life utterly miserable; 

 CJ) cases of fibroid tumour of the uterus, in which 

 lii'' is i liH-ai'-ncd by the great loss of blood which 

 these tumour* often cause. Removal of the ovnii< -. 

 in them cased when ]>oxMhle is usually followed by 

 cessation of growth and shrinking of the tumour, 

 and entire -.toppa^e. of serious hemorrhage. 



Commit lHa-imau nml Trratmrnt of Abdominal 

 Tumnun. \n Sir Mpenocr Welln (18lJ5), and Duetue$ of 

 Wumrn, by Lawm Tail (1S8A). 



Ovnry, in 15<itany, the part of the Pistil (q.v.) 

 containing the Ovule (i|.v.). Sec FLOWEK, FRUIT, 



SEKH. 



Ovation. See TRIUMPH. 



land. It makes a better and more durable sole 

 than files or bricks. 



Many new forms of ovens have been introduced 

 of late years ; the Uailey-Baker, though not the 

 newest, may serve as an illustration, and is shown in 

 longitudinal section in the annexed figure. It can 

 lie nsiil cither as an externally or as an internally 

 heated oven. The furnace is placed below the 

 oven sole, and the heated gases which are generated 

 pass, by means of Hues, entirely round the oven 

 without actually entering it, if it is t.i be worked 

 solely by external heat. l!ut by means of open- 

 ings, regulated by valves 01 dampers, the gases 

 from the furnace can lie led into the oven, and so 

 heat it internally. The const run ion of the men 

 is such that, even when worked in the latter way, 

 fragments of fuel rarely get inside, so that com- 

 paratively little cleaning is necessary, ami baking 

 an go on continuously with the exception of the 

 time required to lill and discharge the oven. 



Some ovens are now heated with hei nietically- 

 scalcd iron pipes containing water, which is con- 

 verted by heat into superheat !<! steam (see STKAM). 

 The pipes are placeil inside the oven, but a por- 

 tion, or portions of them, project through its back 

 wall into a furnace. Perkins was the originator of 



