OVEN-BIRD 



OVERLAP 



667 



this method of heating. A recent form is known 

 as the Weighorst steam-heated oven. It has a draw- 

 plate, or movable sole, fixed on wheels, so that it 

 can be drawn out in front of the oven and loaded 

 or unloaded very quickly. With this oven there is 

 little time required for raising the heat between 

 the batches. Another way of heating ovens is by 

 gas-burners. Ovens for army use in barracks or 

 the field are generally arranged so as to be service- 

 able for cooking meat, roasting potatoes, coffee, 

 &c., as well as baking bread. In those for the 

 field portability is a main essential. For biscuit 

 ovens, see BISCUITS. Coke-ovens are described 

 under COKE. 



Oven-bird, a genus (Furnarivs) and sub- 

 family ( Furnariime) of Passerine birds, family 

 Dendrocolaptid.T. The name is given because 

 some of the species build nests resembling an oven 

 or leehive. The genns, which consists of nine 

 species, is exclusively South American, ranging 

 from Guiana and Ecuador to the La Plata. The 

 habits of these birds have been described chiefly 

 by Mr Edward Bartlett, and by Darwin in his 

 Voyage of the Beayle. The name" oven-bird is also 

 applied, for a similar reason, to the willow-wreu 

 ( Phylloscopus trochilvs ). 



Overbeck, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, painter, was 

 Ixrni at Lubeck, 4th July 1789, and commenced his 

 art studies at Vienna in 1806 as a pupil of the 

 pseudo - classical school of David ; but, having 

 adopted notions on art essentially different from 

 those inculcated in the academy, he was expelled 

 along with some like-minded friends, and in 1809 

 set out for Rome. His principle was to abjure the 

 classical Renaissance and its sensuonsness, and to 

 'abide by the Bible.' In Rome he was joined by 

 Cornelius, Schadow, Schnorr, and Veit ; and these 

 five laid the foundation of a school that influenced 

 the taste for art in Europe, though they were scoffed 

 at as ' Pre-Raphaelites,' ' Nazarites,' 'Church- 

 Komantic painters,' and had long to struggle with 

 poverty. A picture of the Madonna, winch Over- 

 beck painted in 1811, brought him into marked 

 notice. He was next employed by the Prussian 

 consul, Hart In ili ly, to execute for his house at Rome 

 frescoes illustrating the history of Joseph, the 'Sell- 

 ing of Joseph ' and the ' Seven Lean Years ' being 

 the subjects assigned to Overbeck. After com- 

 pleting these lie painted in fresco, in the villa of 

 the Marchese Massimo, five large compositions 

 from Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. In 1813 he 

 abjured Lutheranism, and embraced the Roman 

 Catholic religion. Overbeck's chief work is a 

 fresco at Assisi, 'The Vision of St Francis.' His 

 oil-pictures are inferior to his frescoes, being dry 

 ana weak in colour. Among his famous pictures 

 are ' Christ's Entry into Jerusalem,' at Luleck ; 

 ' Christ's Agony in the .Garden,' at Hamburg ; ' Lo 

 Sposalizio,' at Berlin ; ' The Triumph of Religion 

 in the Arts,' at Frankfort ; the ' Incredulity of 

 St Thomas,' in London. He executed a great 

 many drawings and cartoons remarkable for 

 devotional feeling, most of which, like his fres- 

 coes and paintings, have been engraved. One 

 of his last undertakings was a series of designs 

 from the Evangelists, delicately engraved in the 

 line manner. Amongst the characteristics of the 

 school are devout feeling, hardness of outline, 

 scholastic composition, andthe avoidance of merely 

 sensuous beauty both in colour and form. Over- 

 beck died at Rome on 12th November 1869. See 

 Life by J. B. Atkinson (1882), in 'Great Artists' 

 series. 



Overbnry, SIR THOMAS, was born in 1581 at 

 Com pton- Scorpion, in Ilrnington parish, Warwick- 

 shire, his father being squire of Bourton-on-the- 

 Hill in Gloucestershire. After three years at 



Queen's College, Oxford (1595-98), he studied 

 awhile at the Middle Temple, and travelled then 

 on the Continent, returning an accomplished 

 gentleman. In 1601 at Edinburgh he met Robert 

 Carr, then page to the Earl of Dunbar, and the 

 minion afterwards of James I., who knighted him 

 in 1607, and in 1611 made him Viscount Rochester. 

 The two became inseparable friends, and Overbury 

 himself was, through Carr's influence, knighted in 

 1608, the year before his second visit to France 

 and the Netherlands. Meanwhile, in 1606, the 

 lovely but profligate Frances Howard (1592-1632) 

 had married the third Earl of Essex (q.v.), and 

 during his two years' absence had intrigued with 

 more than one lover Carr the most favoured. 

 Overbury had played pander to their guilty inter- 

 course ; but Carr now telling him that he purposed 

 to get Lady Essex divorced from her husband, and 

 then to many her, he strongly deprecated the idea, 

 declaring she might do for a mistress lint not for a 

 wife. Carr informed Lady Essex what Overbury 

 had said of her; she became furious for revenge, 

 and offered Sir Davy Wood (between whom and 

 Sir Thomas there was a standing feud) 1000 

 to assassinate him an offer prudently declined, 

 except under royal assurance of pardon. So on 

 21st April 1613 Overbury, on a most trivial and 

 illegal pretext his contemptuous refusal to go on 

 an embassy was thrown into the Tower, where on 

 15th September he was poisoned. Three months 

 later Carr (just created Earl of Somerset) and his 

 paramour were married with great pomp, and the 

 whole affair was soon to appearance forgotten. 

 But in the autumn of 1615, after Villiers had 

 largely supplanted Somerset, an enquiry was in- 

 stituted, and four of the humbler instruments were 

 promptly hanged among 'these Mistress Anne 

 Turner in her starched yellow ruff. In May 1616 

 the countess pleaded guilty, and the earl was found 

 guilty ; but by an amazing stretch of the royal 

 prerogative they were pardoned. In 1622 they 

 were even released from the Tower ; and Somerset 

 survived till 1645. 



Overbury's works, all published posthumously, include 

 The Wife (IfiH), a didactic poem; Ckaracleri (1C14), 

 whose conceits are not lacking in epigrammatic point; 

 and Crummi fal'n from King Jamet'i Table (1715). 

 They were collected in 1856 by E. F. Rimbault, with a 

 Life prefixed. See also Andrew Amos, The Great Oyer 

 of Poisoning (1846); Gardiner's History of Emjland ; 

 Spedding's Studies in English Historti (1886) ; and other 

 works cited at JAMES I., BACON, and COKE. 



Over Darwen. See DAEWEN. 



Overland Route to India, Australia, and the 

 East is now understood to be that from England 

 across France, through Mont Cenis by tunnel, to 

 Brindisi in Italy, thence through the Levant, the 

 Suez Canal, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. This 

 makes the journey only about half as long as the 

 voyage round by the Cape of Good Hope, a little 

 over 6000 miles instead of more than 12,000. The 

 saving in time is even more considerable. The 

 time from London to Bombay is within three weeks, 

 instead of three months by the Cape. In 1838 

 a monthly service was started to carry the mails 

 across Egypt ; but to Lieutenant Waghorn (1800- 

 50) belongs the credit of first showing how the 

 voyage from India could be still further shortened. 

 On 31st October 1845 he arrived in London with 

 the Bombay mail of the 1st October (viA Austria, 

 Bavaria, Prussia, and Belgium ). The railway from 

 Suez to Alexandria by Cairo was opened in 1858; 

 but the great event that rendered the Overland 

 Route available for passengers generally was the 

 opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. See also 

 EUPHRATES. 



Overlap, in Geology. When the upper beds of 

 a conformable series of strata extend beyond the 



