871 



OWENSBOKO 



0\YL 



propagandist!!. In his old age his iniiul fell into 

 tin- comfortlesK vagaries of spiritualism. Hi- died 

 at his native town. ITtli NnvfiuU-r IS.'>8.- His son, 

 KOIIKKT DAI.K OWEN, vuu l>orn in (ilosgow, 9tli 

 Novemlier 1S4K), and weit t> America in \H'2.~> to 

 liclp liU father in founding his short lived colony 

 nt New Harmony. Indiana, lit- finally settled 

 in America in 1827, cditcil tlie free Im/iiini- in 

 New York, acted as n iiiemlivr of the Indiana 

 legislature, anil cntcied congress a* a democrat in 

 1M.'{. Later lie helped to remodel the constitution 

 of Indiana: acted lirst u cJkarqt d'a/'atrju, next a- 

 minister at Naples ( 1853-58); debated divorce with 

 Horace (.Jreeley ; supiMirted the r:ui-e of eniancipa- 

 lion I iy vigorous and able pamphlets ; and nnule 

 liia name widely known ILK one of the chief advocates 

 of -piritiiaiisin in the I'nited States, He died nn 

 Ijike George, New York, ITtli June 1877. Of his 

 liooks need only be mentioned the spiritualistic 

 Footprint* on the lliiumliini af tinnllicr U'orlil 

 (1859), and Debatable Land bttieecn tftit World 

 and the Xei-t (1872); and Tlirrutlimj mi/ IVay, an 

 autobiography ( 1874). - Two other sons, David Dale 

 Owen (1807-60) and Kichard Owen (Uini 1810), 

 achieved conteni|Mirary eminence as geologists. 



See SOCIALISM j O. J. Holyoake, ffitlorg of Co-optra- 

 tion in Etvjlawi (1K75); Owen'* Autobiography (1K57), 

 an. I further, that edit<-d by his son ( 1874) ; also the Lives 

 by A. J. Booth (18U9), W. L. Sargant (1800), and Lloyd 

 Jones led. by W. C. .J.mos, IS;M i. 



Owf'll.sboro* capital of Daviess county, Ken- 

 tucky, on the Ohio, 160 miles lielow Louisville 

 ( 1 12 hy mil ) ; a steam ferry plies to Indiana, The 

 chief trade is in tohacco and whisky, there l>eing 

 o\er a score nf tobacco-factories f.nd nearly :i- 

 inany distilleries here and in the vicinity. The 

 city lilts also foundries, and Hour and planing mills, 

 &e. 1'op. ( 1880) i .',( 1 ; ( I'.MI , l. -l. l v.i. 



OweilS 4'iilh'iic. Manchester, which has de- 

 velojH-d into the VICTORIA I'M VKRSITV, owes it 

 origin to John Owens, a Manchester cotton-spinner, 

 who, dying in 1S4I>. lefl hi- fortune (OG,G54) for the 

 foundation of a college on an absolutely unsectai ian 

 basis, free from all tests of creed or suWription. 

 Hy ISol the college was built and opened with two 

 faculties (1) arts, science, ami law, ami (2) 

 medicine (now including a school of pharmacy and 

 a dental surgery department); in 1873 tlie ii'-w 

 college buildings were constructed, and the numlier 

 of Rtmlents was 1004 ; in 1891 they numbered 811, 

 besides 439 evening students, and there were about 



ClglltV lecHllcl-. 



In"lS74 Charles Clifton of Jersey City, United 



Siat. N li.-.|ii. -allied his residuary estate (21,571) 

 for the extension of the department of mechanical 

 art* and engineering, and in 1876 Charles Beyer 

 of .Manchester left to it by will 1(10,243. Oilier 

 benefactions and subscriptions produced over 

 I'-JIXI.IMK) for its development and endowment. The 

 idea of a university at Manchester, which had 

 IM-CII mooted so long ago as 1641, and revived in 

 I7s!iand ls:i. was at length carried out. In 1880 

 the Victoria I'niteisity was fairly launched, though 

 nt first without the power of granting degrees in 

 medicine and surgery. Thin last restriction was 

 removed in ISS.1. The senate consists of the prin- 

 cipal and the professors for the time lieing. The 

 characteristic features of the university, as com- 

 pared with other Itritish universities, are these: 

 (1) It does not, like London, confer degrees on 

 candidates who have jiaxsed certain examinations 

 only, but it also ie<|iiiies attendance on pre-crilied 

 coil mm of academic study in a college of the 

 university; (2) the constitution of the university 

 contemplates its ultimately liecoming a federation 

 of collcg.-. ; lint t lies., colleges will not Ite situatwl 

 like tho-e of Oxford and Cambridge in one town, 

 but wherever a college of adequate efficiency and 



stability shall have arisen. Kesides Owens Coll' 

 the Yorkshire College at Leeds and I niveisity 

 College, LiverjKxil, lii'.ve IMVII alrcadv ailniitti'd, 

 and in IHS.'i the Manchester and Salfonl College for 

 Women was incorjxiiatr.l with it. Wnmen enjoy 

 full rights of studying, except the right to use the 

 lalioratoiies. There are two permanent fellow- 

 ships, two others not endowed, and from thirty to 

 forty scholarships and pii/e-. Many of these last, 

 together with one of the fellowships, are open to 

 com|M-tition by women as well as men. See (>!<,/,< 

 College: its t'lniHtlntimi <ni<l (Inni-th, by Joseph 

 TbonjpMM (Manchester, 1886). 



Owen Sound, a town and port of entry of 

 Ontario, at the head of Georgian Hay, 12 miles by 

 rail N\V. of Toronto. 1 1 possesses a deep shel tere<l 

 harlHHir ( 12 miles by 5), and has a large trade in 

 lumlier and grain, DMUM nianufactnres of furni- 

 ture and wooden wares, machinery, woollen goods, 

 &c. The Canadian i'acilic steamers leave here lor 

 Port Arthur. 1'op. (1891)74117. 



Owl (Strif/cs), a sub-order of birds, constituting 

 with two oilier sub-orders the PandHmes(ospreys) 

 and Falcones (hawks, falcons, and eagles) the 

 order Accipitres or Kaptores (binls of prey). The 

 owls, generally s|K>ken of as 'the nocturnal birds 

 of prey,' are distinguished by many well-marked 

 characters. In si/.e they vary from 5 indies M 

 2 feet in length, tlie females Iwing as a rule larger 

 than the males. The head is very large ; the skull 

 is broad, and the cranial bones are highly pneu- 

 matic ; the facial region is flattened ; tlie lieak is 

 short, hooked, strong, and sharp, never notched ; 

 at its base are bristles covering, more or less com- 

 pletely, l)th the cere and the nostrils. Tlie eyes 

 are very large, directed forwards, goggle-like, only 

 slightly movable on account of tlie bony sclerotic 

 plates being fixed firmly to one another and to the 

 orbit ; the upper eyelid is very large, and is the 

 one principally concerned in closing the eye; both 

 eyelids are ciliated with barbed plumelets and have 

 a broad, thin, bare margin ; the third eyelid, or 

 nictitating membrane, is conspicuous : the iris U 

 unusually broad, and is capable of being crea'ly 

 expanded and contracted ; the pupil is oval with 

 the long axis perpendicular. A disc of feathers 

 surrounds the eye, either completely or partly, and 

 is supported by a rnll' made up of rows of small, 

 much-curved feathers inserted into the skin by 

 still' shafts. The ear is peculiar and variable: it 

 has an external meatus, unusual in birds, generally 

 of large sue, and sometimes provided with a special 

 Hat) of skin or opcreiilum. The head often licars a 

 pair of tufts known as feathered horns. The neck 

 appears short, sometimes extremely so. The body, 

 though really small, is apparently full, being 

 covered with soft downy feathers without after 

 shafts. The plumage is generally spotted or barred 

 with different shades of brown and yellow. In 

 nearly all owls two diMercnt phases of colour, a 

 darker mid a lighter, can be distinguished, the two 

 phases lieing often observed in dilleient individuals 

 of the same brood. The wings are always broad 

 and long and loose. The tail is usually short and 

 ev i'ii. OT slightly rounded. The oil-gland is destitute 

 of the usual circlet of plumes. The legs are not 

 long, and are almost completely feathered. The 

 toes are often covered with feathers, ami are 

 always terminated by strong talons; the lirst and 

 foni ih toes can IM; opposed to the second and third. 

 The mouth is very wide ; the gullet is large ; theie 

 is no crop; the stomach is large, roundish, and 

 somewhat compressed ; the intestine- is short, and 

 has two wide c.i ca connected with it. The in- 

 digestible portions of food are regurgitated in the 

 form of pellets as in other Accipitres. 



O wU range over the whole globe, f rom the extreme 



