07--, 



OX-EYE 



OXFORD 



Iwgan to appear in 1888. HU eldest son .lull \\ 

 (liill-87) carried through several diplomatic mis 

 simm, his greaUwt service lieing In act a- Sweden's 

 plcni|>teiiii.uy lit o-n.-ihnick (164S). It ww in 

 a letter to this sun, who felt himself unequal to tin 1 

 olli.-e, tluit tin- chancellor used tin- famous |'ii 

 Ncscis, nit lilt, imam parva sapientia rcgitnr 

 mundus.' This aphorism in current, however, in 

 an extraonlinary iiiiinl>er of versions (Xottt n<l 

 Qtitria.Hh July 1888). The younger brother ERIK 

 ( 1624 frfj) wan governor <>f Ksthonia (1640), and 

 succeeded hU father as chancellor of the kingdom. 



Ox-eye. See CHRYSANTHEMUM. 



Oxford, the capital of the county, the home of 

 the university, and the seat of the bishopric of the 

 name name, stands nlxmt the continence of the 

 rivers Cherwcll and Thames, 52 miles (63 by rail ) 

 WX\V. from London. The city, under the Act 

 of 1889, is governed by a council, comprising a 

 mayor, fifteen aldermen, and forty-live council- 

 lore, of whom three aldermen and nine councillors 

 are elected by the university. l"p to 1885 the city 

 returned two members to parliament; since that 

 date only one. I'ntil about 1830 the area and 

 population of the citv remained almost stationary, 

 extending only a little beyond the limit of the old 

 city wall as reconstructed in the reign of Henry 



Bruenoac College, Oxford The Quadrangle (showing also 

 and Dome of Kadchffe Library ). 



III., and very little Ix-yond the area represented in 

 Loggan's bird's eye view (1675). Hut since then 

 the city bus crown rapidly, anil the rural districts 

 of Si Oilcs'oti l he north, St ( 'lement's on the wcsi, 

 Graml|>oiit on the south, and Hot ley on the caxl 

 have been covered with lines of close-built streets. 

 l'o|>. (1801) 11,000; (1851) 25,700; (1881) 40,872; 

 (1801)45,741. 



The tojmgraphy of Oxford is simple in the 

 extreme. The river Thames (locally called the 

 Isis'), which has flowed from north to south, 

 takes here a sharp bend to the east, ami about a 

 mile from the angle receives the Cherwell, flowing 

 from the north, parallel with its former course. 

 All the old part of the town stands in the rectangle 

 thus formed by the rivers. The centre of the town 

 is at a place called 'Carfax ' (derived from ijmx/ri- 

 fin-nix, ' four -foi kill '), from which four main streets 

 run to the four points of the compass. From Car- 

 fax, since 1883, tram-lines run to the four points 

 of the compass. Taking in rotation these four 

 liuen of streets, we shall be able to pass quickly in 



review all the chief buildings and places ,,f inter- 

 est. \nrlli runs Conimarket Street (' the Corn'), 

 containing the Koelmck and Clarendon Holds, 

 nut the bitter of which is the entrance to the 

 <i\tord I nion Society's rooms (the club, library, 

 ami (Minting hull of the Qndwgmiwtea, founded 

 in 1S2.1I. At the end of Corntnarkel Stn-i i- M 

 Michael's Church, the tower of which (r. 1070) is a 

 characteristic specimen of Saxon masonry. Here 

 formerly was the north gate of the city, the 

 rh.-imliers over which (taken down in 1771) were 

 used as a prison, and called Kocanlo. l-'mm tin- 

 end of Conimarket Street, George Sticet tuns west, 

 containing the New Theatre (ISS(i) and the High 

 School for boys (1881); Hroail Stieel inns east, 

 containing lialliol, Trinity, ami Exeter Colleges, 

 the Ashmolean Museum, the Shelilonian (the 

 I'niversity 'Theatre'), the Clarendon lluilding 

 I used for the Clarendon Press till 1830, now as 

 univett^t committee-rooms), and the Indian In 

 stitiite^HfcLbrary, museum, &c., for natives of 

 India anit^n%uibjyjapf the Indian Civil Service 

 studying in Oxn^^^tottnexi 1884). Broad .v 

 was the place nH^^BMIxford niartvis were 

 burned (Kidley aniHI^K- on Kith October l.VVi. 

 and Cramner on 21stAnffeh l.Vrfi). The Mart\is' 

 Memorial, a cross in their honour, was huilt in 

 1841, at the end of Magdalen Strei-t. the continua- 

 tion of Coriinnirket Street, lieaii- 

 niont Street leads vest from this 

 point, past the iiandolph Hotel 

 (built I SIM), the Taylor Library 

 (for modern literatures, founded 

 by Sir Itobert Taylor, built 1M.. i, 

 and the I'liiveisity Calleiies (con- 

 taining the linskin liiawing- 

 school, the Arundel Mai hies, pre- 

 sented to the university in lliliT, 

 and other relics of classical anti- 

 quity, a valuable collection of 

 paintings and engravings, an. I 100 

 original drawings by Michael 

 Angelo and Raphael ), to \\or- 

 cester College. Thence north- 

 wards, by Walton Street, access 

 is got to the I'nivcrsity or Claren- 

 don Press (removed to new build- 

 ings here in ls:tO), to St Itarnabos 

 Church (1868), to Port Meadow 

 (an extensive Hat ground beside 

 the river, U-ing the common of 

 the freemen of the city), and the 

 'I'pper Kiver' or part of the 

 Spire of St Mary's Thames north of Oxford, and so 

 to (iodstow, a ruined nunnery, 

 famous as the burial place of 

 Fair Rosamond. Returning to the Mai IMS' 

 Memorial, the street leading north from M^vg- 

 dalen Street (so called from St. Mary Magdalene 

 Church), is St ililes' Stieet, containing St John's 

 College and the Pusey House (a library and clergy- 

 bouse, in support of Anglican principles, estah- 

 lisheil 1884 in memory of l>r Pnsey, and contain- 

 ing his lihrarv). In the Woodstm-k Itoad con- 

 tinuation of St (files' Street are the church of 

 St Aloysius ( Koman Catholic), built in IsT^, 

 the liadclille Inlirmary (1770), and the liadclilli; 

 Observatory (17!l.">). In the Hanbury Hoad eon- 

 tinnation of St Giles" Street are Somerville 

 Hall (a ladies' college, IsT'.ii, the High School 

 for girls (1SS4), and \Vyelille Hall (a Church of 

 England theological college, in the interests of 

 the Evangelical parly, 1877). Wett. Upturning 

 to Carfax, and taking another quarter of the city, 

 Omen Street, continued by New Hood, leads past 

 the Castle (including the court-house and gaol) to 

 the railway stations, and so along the Seven Bridges 

 Koad (across cuts from the Thames) to Cumnor. 



