892 



PACIFIC RAILWAYS 



I'AIMSHAH 



a general rule decrease* a the depth increase*, 

 the lowest temperature occurring at tin- bottom in 

 great depths, where tin- bottom tem]Tutnie a]' 

 to be nearly constant all the year round, usually 

 about 35' l'. Tlii-t refers only to the open ocean, 

 for in the enclosed seas of the western basin of the 

 Pacific the niininiiini temperature is usually fouml 

 home distance alwve the bottom, depending U|HHI 

 the depth of water over tin- barrier cutting oil' the 

 sea from the general oceanic circulation. (See Si. \. 

 Vol. IX. p. -'"'-) The temperature of the inter- 

 me.liate water in the open ocean decrease* rapidly 

 at first from the surface downwaid-, ami then 

 slowly down to the bottom, irres]-etive of the 

 surface teni|>-rature, which may vary from below 

 60* to over 80' F. 



Salinity. The salinity of the surface-waters of 

 the ocean changes with the sea.son ; increase of 

 evaporation raises, while precipitation in the form 

 of ruin lowers, the salinity. In the South Pacific 

 there is a region of high salinity in the neigh- 

 liourhood of the Society Islands, the maximum 

 Hatty being 1 -0-2750 (taking pure water at 4 C. 

 as unity); in the North Pacitic the salinity is 

 never so high, the maximum being 1 02650, while 

 in some region* the salinity falls to 1 -o-J4s:>. 



For the depo-its see the article SEA ; see also 



WOrks cited at CllAI.LEXUER, CORAL, Pol.YXKSIA. 



Pacific Railways, a name given to the 

 lines from tin- e.istern side of America to the Pacific 

 coast, which, though not running under one man- 

 agement from sea to sea, constitute with their con- 

 nections trail-continental lines. (1) The Combined 

 Union I'acilic from Omaha or Council Itlull's to 

 O-deu, and the Central 1'acitic, thence to Oakland 

 (for San Francisco), ojwned in 1869; total distance 

 from New York rid Chicago and Omaha 3500 miles, 

 time of transit -H <1 ays, fare ?90. (2) The South 

 Pacific (1X81-83), associated with the Atchison, 

 To|icka, ami Santa Fe, which connects Kansas and 

 New Orleans with San Francisco, as well as w ith 

 M.-\ic... (3) The Atlantic and Pacific Railway 

 (l-i-.:t) connecting Si I.ouis with a branch of the 

 South I'acilic. (4) The Northern Pacific) 1883) from 

 Dnluth and St 1'aul to Portland and to Tacoma on 

 Pnget Sound. (5) The Canadian Pacific ( 1885) to 

 Vancouver. The Panama Kailway is also inter- 

 oceanic, and so will be the trans-Andean line from 

 Valparaiso to Buenos Ayres. (See CHILI, llAIL- 

 \v \YS.) 



Packard, AI.PHEUS SPRING, an American 

 naturali.-t, son of the historian of Ilowdoin College, 

 was bom at I'rnnswick, Maine, 19th February 

 1839, graduated at I.owdoin in 1861, and was fora 

 time assistant to Agassi/, at Cambridge. He took 

 |>art in several scientific expeditions, was state 

 entomologist of Massachusetts in 1871-73, and 

 lectured at liowdoin and elsewhere. In 1878 he 

 became jirofes-or of /oology and (Jeology at Itrnwn 

 Univcisity. Hut he is be.-t known as a distin- 

 guisheil entomologist I his classification of insects, 

 pro|M>-i-i| in IHU3, has been generally accepted. As 

 an evolutionist. 1'rot'essor Packard is one of the 

 leaders of the ' Neo I.amarckian ' school (see 

 LAMARCK). Ik-sides iximilar works and text- 

 book*, his writings include Mnu-ture of the Ovi- 

 potit'-r nf l/iirrts (1808), Devrjoiiiti 'it I nml An- 

 /,:/ / l.,,,i,<Int Polypl^mvt ( 1871-85), The Cave 

 Fauna of Knrth Ann-rim (1888), The Labrador 

 Coatt (1801), monographs on the ^cometiid moths, 

 the locust's ln.iin. phyllopod rmstacea, &c. 



Pnckfoiitf. or I'M* is.;, a Chinese alloy or white 

 metal, consisting of arsenic and copper. 



Paco. See ALPACA. 



Paclo'llis, anciently the name of a small brook 

 of Lydia, in Asia Minor, which rises on the 

 northern slope of Mount Tmoliu (modern But 



. llows north past Sardis (Sttrt). and empties 

 itself into the Hermns (A'm/tu). It is never moie 

 than ten feet broad and one foot deep. The saiid- 

 or mud of Pactolus were long famous in antiijnity 

 for the particles of gold-dust which they contained. 

 The collection of these particles, according to 

 legend, was the source of Crcesus' vat>t wealth. 

 The I. look is now called Sarabut. 



Pllrin in-, the earliest of lioinan tragic poets, 

 the sister's son of Kiinins, was born at Itrnndisinm 

 alxmt 220 B.C., lived mostly in Kome, and died at 



Tarent ninety years of age (li n.r. I. His 



dramas, of which only fragments are extant, wen' 

 formed after Greek models. 



PadailK* capital of a residency on the west 

 coast of Sumatra, and seat of the Dutch governor 

 of the west coast province, is situated at the month 

 of the Padang River ; pop. 15,000. 



Paddy. See KICK. 



Paderbom, a town of Westphalia, situated ">0 

 miles SW. of Hanover. The tine Knmanesi|iie cathe- 

 dral (Uoman Catholic), completed in llli.'i. is built 

 over the sources of the Pader (a tributary of the 

 I.ippe), and contains tin- silver collin of St, I.ilxirins. 

 Other noticeable edifices are Si liartholomew's 

 Chapel (1017) and the town-house (Hi!.">: restored 

 1870-76). There are miscellaneous manufactures 

 here; and there are mineral springs close by. 

 The old Hanse town was sacked by the Duke of 

 Brunswick in Ki'J'2, and it suffered much dm ing the 

 Thirty Years' War. From ll>14 to I SI it it was the 

 seat o'f a Roman Catholic university. Much of it 

 was burnt down in lS7o. Pop. 19,941. 



Padcrowski, IGXACE JAN, Polish piani-t, 



was horn in Podolia (liii ian Poland), (ith Noveni- 

 Iter 1860, and began to play as an infant of three. 

 II- -tudied 1 \Varsaw, becoming professor in the 

 Conservatoire there in 1878. In 1884 he taught in 

 the Stra-biirg Conservatoire, but thereafter became 

 a virtuoso, making his debut at Vienna in ls-7. 



and appearing with phenomenal sin .-s at Paris in 



1889, at London in 1890, and in Ameiieain Isnl. 

 He has composed largely for the piano, for the 

 voice, and for piano and orchestra ; and is idolised 

 by his admirers of both sexes. 



Padiliaill, a town of Lancashire, 3 miles W. 

 of liurnley and 8 NE. of Blackburn. Cotton is the 

 staple manufacture, with coal-mining and stone- 

 quarrying. Pop. (1891), with Ilaplon. 11,311. 



I'iiililla. JUAN DE, one of the most popular 

 heroes in Spanisli history, was a scion of a role- 

 dan familv, and was appointed by the Emperor 

 Charles V. military commandant of Saragossa. 

 While he was so employed a formidable rebellion, 

 caused by the excessive taxes which the emperor 

 imposed on the Spaniards, to defray the cost of 

 his various wars in Italy, Germany, and the Low- 

 Countries, broke out among the towns of Castile, 

 and the rebels, who were known as miiiiiiiiiifroi, 

 called upon Padilla jo put himself at their head, 

 lie \\. t s successful in a number of enterprises 

 undertaken against the royalist party, but on 

 23d April 1521 was Completely beaten at. Villains. 

 This eoiitlict decided the' fate of the rebellion and 

 of Padilla himself, who was taken prisoner, and 

 next day beheaded. His wife, Donna Maria de 

 Pacheeo, rallied the remnants of the rebel army, 

 and for a long time held Toledo against the loyalist 

 besieging army; after its fall she retired to 

 Portugal, w here she died in 1531. Numerous poems 

 anil dramas celebrate their deeds. 



Padishah, in Turkish PADISHAO (Persian 

 parti, 'protector ' or ' throne;' shah, 'prince'), one 

 of the titles ,,f tin- Sultan of the Ottoman empire, 

 and of the Shah of Persia. 



