PADUA 



PAGODA 



693 



Padua (Ital. Padora), a city of North Italy, 

 23 miles by rail W. by S. of Venice and 18 SE. ol 

 Vicenza, is still surrounded with walls. The prin- 

 cipal streets are lined with arcades ; most of the 

 others, especially in the older parts, are narrow, 

 dark, and ill-paved ; but there are several hand- 

 some squares and fine gates. The first place aiuons 

 the public buildings belongs to the municipal 

 palace (1172-1219), a huge structure resting on 

 arches, wiUi balconies running round the upper 

 story. The roof (1420) of its great hall (20"4 

 feet long, by 89 wide, and 78 high) is perhaps 

 the largest in Europe unsupported by pillars. 

 The churches (nearly fifty) include the cathedra] 

 (1552-1754); St Antony ( 1230-1307), said to have 

 lieen designed )>v Niccola da Pisano, a building in 

 the Pointed style, with Byzantine Mendings, and 

 a richly decorated interior by Donatello, Sansovino, 

 and others the bones of St Antony rest in a side- 

 chapel ; St Justina (16th century), a fine Renaiss- 

 ance church, with an altarpiece by Veronese, and 

 other pictures; church of the Eremitani (13th cen- 

 tury), with frescoes by Mantegna; the chapel of 

 the Annunciation (1303), adorned with frescoes by 

 Giotto; and the chapel of St George (1377), with 

 frescoes by Avanzi and Altichieri. The 'saint's 

 school ' is adorned with frescoes by Titian and his 

 pupils, illustrating the life of St 'Antony. Dona- 

 tello's fine equestrian statue of Gattamelata, the 

 Venetian captain, stands in front of the church of 

 St Antony. Padua has enjoyed greatest fame 

 from her university, founded by the emperor 

 Frederick II. in 1221, though the fine Renaissance 

 buildings date from 1493-1552 ; there are now 80 

 teachers and 1100 students. To it is attached one 

 of the oldest botanical gardens in Europe, and a 

 library ( 1629) of 158,500 vols. and 2500 MSS. The 

 city museum (1881) contains antiquarian, art, and 

 numismatic collections, a library, and archives. 

 There is not much industry or much commerce, 

 though leather, cloth, and gut-strings are prepared. 

 Pop. with suburbs (1897) 81,300. Padua's most 

 famous natives were Livy and Mantegna. One of 

 the oldest cities in Italy, Patavia came under the 

 Roman supremacy in 215 B.C. In the 5th century 

 it was severely 'handled by the Huns, and was 

 bandied to and fro between the Goths and the 

 Eastern empire. From the Lombards it passed to 

 the Franks (774) ; during the Guelph and Ghibel- 

 line quarrel it alternately submitted to the em- 

 perors and sided with the Lombard cities. In 1318 

 it took to itself as lord the head of the Carrara 

 family, who ruled it till it was conquered by 

 Venice in 1405. Venice kept it till 1797, when i't 

 was given to Austria, who held it (except from 

 1805-14) until it was incorporated in Italy in 1866. 

 The jn-'ii-ini;- has an area of 797 sq. m. and pop. 

 (189.5) of 44->,300. 



I'.'iilii call, capital of MeCracken county, Ken- 

 tucky, on the Ohio River, 48 miles above its mouth, 

 and just below the entrance of the Tennessee, 226 

 miles by rail \VS\V. of Louisville. It has a large 

 trade by river and rail, and contains shipyards, 

 KrandliM. railway-shops, flour, saw, and planing 

 mills, and manufactories of soap, vinegar, ice, furni- 

 ture, tobacco, &c. Pop. (1880) 8036 ; ( 1900) 19,446. 



Pjran (of doubtful etymology), the name given 

 by the ancient Greeks to a kind of lyric poetry 

 originally connected with the worship of Apollo. 



Predo-baptigts. See BAPTISTS. 



Pa-onia, or Pa-ony. See PEONY. 



I'ifstinn, anciently a Greek city of Lucania, 

 in Southern Italy, on the present Gulf of Salerno. 

 It was founded by tho Sybarites some time between 

 650 and COO B.C., and was originally called Posi- 

 donia. It was suUlned by the Lucanians, and 

 from them passed to the Romans, who established 



a colony there about 273 B.C. The Latin poets 

 sing the praises of its roses, which bloomed twice 

 a year. P.-estum was burned by the Saracens in 

 the 9th century, and ravaged by Rol>ert Guiscard 

 in the 1 1th, and never recovered from these disasters. 

 Portions of the ancient walls and three well-pre- 

 served Doric temples remain. See Labrouste, Les 

 Temples de Piestum ( 1877). 



Pagan. See BURMA, Vol. II. p. 566. 



Pagailini, NICOLO, the famous violinist, was 

 born a porter's son at Genoa on 18th February 

 1784. His genius showed itself early, and, practis- 

 ing sometimes a single passage for ten hours run- 

 ning, he acquired a mastery over his instrument 

 that has never been equalled ; the vulgar, indeed, 

 ascribed it to diabolic agency. It must be con- 

 fessed he was too much addicted to mere feats of 

 musical legerdemain. He gave his first concert as 

 early as 1793; began his professional tours in Italy 

 in 1805 ; in 1827 received from the pope the order 

 of the Golden Spur ; in 1828-29 made a great sensa- 

 tion in the chief towns of Austria and Germany ; 

 and in 1831 created an equal furore in Paris and 

 London. He had gambled much in youth, but he 

 returned very rich to Italy ; and he "died at Nice 

 on 27th May 1840, drawing a last long note on his 

 favourite G string. 



See his Life in French by Fetis ( 1851 ), in Italian by 

 Bruni (1873), and in German by Niggli (1882); also 

 voL ii. of Grove's Dictionary of Mutic (1880), and Engel's 

 From Mozart to Mario (1886). 



Page (derivation variously assigned to Gr. pats, 

 'a boy,' and Lat. nagus, 'a village'), a youth of 

 noble or good birth employed in the service of a 

 royal or noble pei-sonage. The practice of employ- 

 ing youths of noble birth in personal attendance 

 on the sovereign existed in early times among the 

 Persians and Romans, and was a special feature of 

 feudal chivalry in the middle ages. The degree of 

 page was preparatory to the further degrees oi 

 esquire and kniht. The practice of educating: 

 the higher nobility as pages at court began to 

 decline after the 15th century. Pages still figure, 

 however, on ceremonial occasions at the chief 

 courts of Europe. The Corps of Pages at St. 

 Petersburg is a cadet school for the Russian Guards.. 



Paget, SIR GEORGE EDWARD, K.C.B., was. 

 born at Yarmouth in 1809, and educated at the 

 Charterhouse and at Cambridge. He took his B. A. 

 degree in 1831, became Fellow of Cains in 1832, 

 M.I), in 1838, D.C.L. Oxford and Durham, LL.D. 

 Edinburgh, and F.R.S. in 1855. In 1872 he was 

 appointed regius professor of Physic in Cambridge, 

 and became K.C.B. in 1885. Sir G. Paget may 

 well be regarded as a public benefactor, he having 

 taken the principal part in the great advance lately 

 made in the education of medical practitioners. 

 He died in 1892. His younger brother, SIR JAMES 

 PAGET, Bart., was born at Yarmouth in 1814. 

 He became Member of the Royal College of 

 Surgeons in 1836, Hon. Fellow in 1843, member 

 of the Council in 1865, president of the College in 

 1875, Bradshawe Lecturer in 1882. Serjeant- 

 surgeon to the Queen, surgeon to the Prince of 

 Wales, and consulting surgeon to St Bartholomew's 

 Hospital, he was created baronet in 1871, and in 

 ;he same year LL.D. of the university of Edin- 

 burgh. Two standard works are Lectures on Sur- 

 gical Pathology (1853; 4th ed. 1876), and Clinical 

 Lectitre,i( 1875 ). He was vice-chancellor of the uni- 

 versity of London, and a member of the Institute 

 of France ( Academy of Sciences). Died in 1900. 



Pagoda ( a Portuguese corruption of the Persian 



ntt-katlah, 'idol-temple') is originally an Indian 



emple of the approximately pyramidal shape 



especially characteristic of the Dravidian style 



see Vol. VI. p. 109). Thus, the great pagoda at 



