710 



PAI.APTKKY.N 



PALATINATE 



Plan(T>\ (<>r., 'ancient nptcrvx '). a genus 

 of foiu.il buds !..- n-in.iin- mi' foil ml in i!n> liter. 

 ilt dep<>it of New /.calami, associated with the 

 gigiinU'- Ihnornis, and which, like it, resembled 

 in tin- iiirni of tin- sicinuiii. and the structure of 

 tin- |x'ltis and legs, tin- living winglo* aptcrt x. 

 1'alaptcryx, liintcici, seems to have jioHitesited 

 rudimentary wings. See 



Palapwr. Sec si 



I'alntr, the roof of tin- mouth, consist* of two 

 portion-, tin- haul palate in front ami the wilt 

 palate behind. Tlii' framework of tin- hniil /mlalf 

 i- formed I iy tin- intermaxillary hones. I In- palate 

 juiNi-ou-H of tin- sii|>eriiir maxillary INIIICS, anil by 

 tin' hoii/nntal processes of the |>alat- IKHH-S, ami is 

 Jioiiinh-il in front ami at the sides by tin- alveolar 

 arches anil gums, ami |>osieiiorly i- continuous 

 with tin- soft palate. It is covered by a dense 



The Mouth widely opened ao u to ihow the Palate : 



1, 1. the upper, >nil 2. I hi- Inwrr lip; 8, S, the hanl iwlate ; 

 4. 4, 'In- m>H |lti- ; ft. the uvula : <1. 8, Uic rvliu of the tuft 

 palatr ; 7, 7, tin- tonalla ; 8, tin tongue. 



Ktnieture fonm-il liy the periosteum ami mncoiut 

 membrane of llir mouth, whirh an- closely ail- 

 lien-iii. Along tlie miilille line is a linear ridge or 

 taphe, on either side of which the mucous UK-HI 

 Inane in thick, pale, ami corrugate*!, while hchiml 

 it i> thin, of a darker tint, ami smooth. This 

 iiM-mhraiif ii <-oveie.l with scalv epithelium, nml 

 i furnished with numerous follicles (the palatal 

 glands). The .-ill /m/nte is a movahh- (ohl of 

 mil. .in- meinlirane i-ni-lu-ini; muscular lilircs, anil 

 >ii|ipn<leil frnni the |Mwterior linler of the haul 

 palaU* MI to form an incomplete septum lielw.'cn 

 tin- mouth ami tin- pharynx ; its ii|.-s hein^ hlemleil 

 with the phaiNiix, while itn lower liorilcr i fni'. 

 When occupying iln usual |KiMition (tliat is to sa\. 

 whfii the iiiiiM-tilar lihrw containe.l in ii aie 

 reUxed) iU anterior mirfac-v in eoninve; ami 

 when it inns, I,. s arc called into action, US m 

 wnllouin- a mur-el of fiKMl, it in raisi^l ami ma.le 

 tcnae, anil the food is thus |ir<-\enti-il from passing 

 into the |Ktorior naren, and U at the wine time 



ohlii|iiely backwanU ami downwards into 

 the pharynx. 



llaii^inx from the miihllc of ita lower Imnler is 

 a small conical pcmluloiis proceos, the unilii : ami 

 paiHiiig outwards from the uvula on each siil. 

 two curted folds of mucous mcmhranc containing 

 muscular lihn*s, and called the areJia or fiilliirt of 

 the s<ift fni/iitc. The itiitirinr iiHIur i- continued 

 dottiitianU to the Hide of the lint* of the tor 

 The jMinleriur fii//nr is larger than the ontciior, 

 and runs downward)* and Iwickwards to the side of 

 the pharvnx. The anteiioi and ]Kisteiior p'.llare 

 are closely united ahove, hut :ue separated IK'|OW 

 hy an angular interval, in which the MMtl of cither 

 Hide is |IH|^'C<|. The tonsils iimiiHfiliilir) are gland- 

 ular organs of a rounded form, which vary con- 

 sulernhly in sixe in ditlerent imlividuiils. They are 

 composed of an iLssemlila^e of mucous follicle*, 

 which secrete a thick grayish nialtci. mid open on 

 the surface of the ^huid hy ninueroiis (twelve to 

 liftiH'n ) orilices. The space left U'Utecn the arches 

 of the |>alate on the two sides is called the isll- 

 of tin Jinn:; i. It is iKiiinded II!MIVI- hy the free 

 margin of the palate, helow hy the tongue, and 

 on each side hy the pillars of the soft palate and 

 tonsils. 



As the upper lip may he fissured through imper- 

 fect development ( in which cose it presents the con- 

 dition known as Hare-lip, q.v. ), HO also may there lie 

 more or less decided lissiirc of the palate. In the 

 slightest form of this aliection the uvula merely is 

 li-Mired, while in extreme cases the cleft extends 

 through hoth the soft and hard palate as far for- 

 ward as the lips, and is then often comhined with 

 hare-lip. \Vln n the fissure U considerable it 

 materially interferes with the acts of sucking and 

 swallowing, and the infant runs a <.>reat risk of 

 iK'inj,' starved ; ami if the child grows up its arti- 

 culation is painfully indistinct. The closure of 

 cleft palate liy operation must he left in the hands 

 of an experienced surgeon, who should he called to 



see the child as soon a~ the defect i> noli I. If 



the separation is too jji-cat to admit of closure by 

 operation, a plate or 'artilicial palate 'may he mode 

 to cover the o|>enin>r. 



Acute inllammation of the tonsils, popularly 

 known as Quinsy, is treated of in a separate 

 article. Chronic enlargement of the tonsils is very 

 freijuent in scrofulous children, and is not rare 

 in scrofulous persons of more advanced a;;e, and 

 mav give rise to very considerable inconvenience 

 nml distress. It may occasion dilliculty in swallow- 

 ing, confused and inarticulate speech, deafness in 

 \ at ions decrees from closure of the Eustochinn tulies 

 (now often termed tlinxit itrnfuess), ami noisy ami 

 lalMirioim reHpiration, especially during sleep ; and 

 it may even cause death hy sntl'iM'ation, induced liv 

 the entan^'lenient of viscid mucus between the en- 

 larued glands. If local and constitutional remedies 

 fail to reduce the enlarged tonsils they must be 

 more or less removed hy the surgeon, either by the 

 knife or scissors, or by n small guillotine socially 

 invented for the pur|tose. 



l-'.nlargement or relaxation of the uvula is not 

 uncommon, and gives rise to a constant tickling 

 coii^h and to expectoration, liy the irritation of the 

 lannx which it occasions. If it will not yield to 

 local treatment it may n-ijnire to lie removed either 

 in whole or in part. 



1'alatilinlc (tier. I'fulz), the name for two 

 (i.Tiiiaii states, which were united till the year 

 lli'iS. They were distinguished OS the Upper and 

 Lower I'ahitinale. The I'piier or liavaiian Pala- 

 tinate, now forming a circle of the kingdom of 

 liavaria, was a duchy, its capital Wing Amlieig. 

 The Loner Palatinate, or the Palatinate on the 

 Khinc. lay on both sides of the IMiiiie. with an area 

 of 3150 mj. m., and included, licside.s the Electoral 



