PALESTRINA 



PALEY 



717 



Palestrina in 1524. He studied music at Rome 

 under Goudimel, and in 1551 was made maestro di 

 capella of the Julian Chapel of St Peter's by Pope 

 Julius III. In 1554 lie published a collection of 

 Masses, which the pope so highly approved of that 

 lie appointed their composer one of the singers 

 of the Sixtine Chapel. Being a married man, he 

 lost that office on the accession to the pontificate of 

 the severer Paul IV. But in 1555 he was made 

 choir-master of the Lateran, and in 1561 was given 

 the similar post in St Maria Maggiore, and held it 

 till 1571, when he was restored to his office in the 

 Julian Chapel. The Council of Trent, having under- 

 taken to reform the music of the church, entrusted 

 to Palestrina the task of remodelling this part of 

 religious worship. He composed three masses as 

 examples of what could be done ; one of them, the 

 Mass of Pope Marcellus ( to whose memory it is 

 dedicated), saved music to the church by estab- 

 lishing a type infinitely superior, in its blending of 

 devotional" with artistic feeling, to anything that 

 had preceded it, a type which, amid all the changes 

 that music has since gone through, continues to 

 attract admiration. Palestrina must be considered 

 the first musician who reconciled musical science 

 with musical art, and his works form a most im- 



Sortant epoch in the history of Music (q.v.). He 

 il in the arms of St Philip Neri on 2d February 

 1594. His compositions, very numerous, are all 

 sacred, except two volumes of Madrigals ; they 

 have been published at Leipzig ( 1868 et seq.). The 

 authoritative Life was written by the Italian 

 IJaini (Koine, 1828). 



I'aley, FREDERICK APTHORP, classical scholar, 

 grandson of the author of the Evidences, was born 

 at Easingwold, near York, in 1816. He bad his 

 education under Dr S. Butler at Shrewsbury, and 

 at St John's College, Cambridge, but, not obtain- 

 ing mathematical honours, by the regulations of 

 the time was shut out from the classical tripos, 

 and likewise did not obtain a fellowship. He 

 resided, however, at Cambridge till his conversion 

 to the Roman Catholic faith in 1846, and later 

 from 1860 till 1874, when he was appointed pro- 

 fessor of Classical Literature at the aliortive 

 Roman Catholic college at Kensington. He next 

 went to live at Bournemouth, was twice classical 

 examiner to London University and for the classical 

 tripos at Cambridge, and continued till the sudden 

 close of his life (llth December 1888) his arduous 

 labours in classical scholarship. In early life at 

 Cambridge he helped to found the Caimlen Ecclesi- 

 ological Society, and published books on Gothic 

 architecture ; Imt the important work of his life 

 lifgaii in 1844 with the first part of his edition of 

 I liylus with Latin notes. He re-edited .'Eschylus 

 for the ' Bihliotheca Classiea.'as well as Euripides, 

 Hesioil, the Iliad, and completed the Soplutan of 

 Mr Blaydes, all for the same series ; and also pre- 

 pared minor editions of similar works, or parts of 

 these, for the ' Cambridge Texts ' series. His Pro- 

 pertiiu, Ovid's Fasti, and Murtial were less suc- 

 cessful ; hut his three comedies of Aristophanes, 

 Theocritus, anJ his Select Private Orations of 

 Demosthenes (in conjunction with Dr Sandys) were 

 recognised as works of the very highest value. 

 He published prose translations of the Philebvs 

 and Thetftetus of Plato, the 5th and I Oth Imoks of 

 Aristotle's Ethics, the Odes of Pindar, and the 

 Tragedies of .-Eschylus, and renderings in verse of 

 the 5th book of Propertius and Fragments of the 

 t',rr.r,k Comic Poets (1 888). Other works were a 

 treatise on Greek Particles (1881), Greek Wit 

 (1881), and an unsatisfactory edition of the Gospel 

 of St John (1 887). Paley received the degree of 

 LL.D. from Aberdeen in 1883. A sagacious textual 

 critic and sound exegete, he left behind him 

 traditions of a high type of scholarship, of the age 



wlien yet scientific philology was not, and German 

 might be neglected. In his later years he adopted 

 a late date for Homer. 



Paley, WILLIAM, a celebrated English divine, 

 was born at Peterborough, son of a minor canon of the 

 cathedral, in 1743. His family belonged to the West 

 Riding of Yorkshire, and not long after his birth his 

 father returned to his native parish of Giggleswick 

 to l>ecome master of the grammar-school there. 

 In 1759 he entered Christ's College, Cambridge, as 

 a sizar, and led for two years an idle ( though not 

 dissipated) life, but thereafter became a severe 

 student, and in 1763 came out senior wrangler. 

 After three years as an assistant-master at Green- 

 wich, he was elected in 1768 a fellow and tutor 

 of Christ's College, and here he lectured on moral 

 philosophy till his marriage in 1776 and presenta- 

 tion to the rectory of Musgrave in Westmorland 

 and the vicarage of Dalston in Cumberland, which 

 were soon exchanged for the more profitable living 

 of Applebv. In 1780 he was collated to a pre- 

 bendal stall in Carlisle Cathedral, in 1782 he 

 became archdeacon, and in 1785 chancellor of the 

 diocese. In the latter year he published his Prin- 

 ciples of Moral and Political Philosophy, for which 

 he received 1000. In this work he propounds his 

 ethical theory a form of what is usually known as 

 utilitarianism. He begins by adducing a series of 

 strong objections against the popular doctrine of 

 the moral sense, next takes up the (juestion of the 

 source of obligation, and resolves it into the will 

 of God, enforced by future punishment, it being 

 admitted candidly that virtue is prudence directed 

 to the next world. The will of God, in so far as it 

 is not rendered explicit by revelation, is to he 

 interpreted bv the tendency of actions to promote 

 human happiness, the benevolence of the Deity 

 being assumed. Objection may fairly be taken to 

 the principles on which Paley rests his system, 

 but the lucidity and appositeness of his illustrations 

 are beyond all praise ; and if bis treatise cannot 

 be regarded as a .profoundly philosophical work, it 

 is at anyrate one of the clearest and most sensible 

 ever written, even by an Englishman. In 1790 

 appeared his most original work, Hone Paulina;, 

 the aim of which is to prove, by a great variety of 

 ' undesigned coincidences,' the great improbability 

 of the common hypothesis of the unbelief of that 

 day, that the New Testament is a cunningly 

 devised fable. It was followed in 1794 by his 

 famous View of the Evidences of Christianity, in 

 which dexterous use is made of Lardner's Credibility 

 and Bishop Douglas' Criterion of Miracles. The 

 treatment is on the historical method, Hanked by 

 auxiliary arguments drawn from the superior' 

 morality of the gospel, the originality of Christ's 

 character, and the like. But the bases of con- 

 troversy have now entirely shifted, and the work, 

 able as it is, is no longer, even at Cambridge, 

 regarded adequate as a defence. The champion 

 of the faith was splendidly rewarded. The Bishop 

 of London gave him a stall in St Paul's ; shortly 

 after he was made subdean of Lincoln, with 700 

 a year ; Cambridge conferred on him the degree of 

 D.D. ; and the Bishop of Durham presented him to 

 the rectory of Bishop Wearmoiitb, worth 1200 a 

 year. Perhaps his latitudinarianism and essentially 

 unspiritual temperament, as well as such homely 

 sarcasms as comparing the 'divine right of kings' 

 with the 'divine right of constables,' may have 

 hindered him from yet higher preferment. After 

 1800 lie became subject to a painful disease of the 

 kidneys, yet in 1802 he published perhaps the most 



widely popular of all his works, Natural Theology, 

 or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the 

 Deity, largely based on the Religious Philosopher of 



Nieuwentyt, a Dutch disciple of Descartes. An 

 excellent edition is that by Lord Brougham and 



