720 



PALLADIUS 



PALM 



Palladium foi ms with o\\gi-n n protoxide. IMit. 

 winch is the IxiM* of tin- -.ih- "I tlic nii-tiil : :i 

 hinoxidc. I'dO. ; ami according to some chcmi-t-. 

 snlioxide, lM.i. One\|N,- ..... i.i -ullicicnt lirni 

 these OHBDOBMI give "" their ox \gi-n and yield 

 tin- mi-till. The salt* of the pioi.ixi.h- are of a 

 brown or red colour. 



I'ullailiiis. KITH. M s Tunis .F.MII.IXM I, a 

 Roman an t hot of tin- 4th century \ n . who wrote 

 a work, DM KttslicH (On Agriculture), in four- 

 teen looks, the last of which is a JHM in of eighty- 

 five elegiac couplets. 



Palladium ST. See SCOTLAND (CHURCH or). 



l'll:i-. MINKKVA. 



I'allns, S'KIKK SIMON, traveller and naturalist, 

 was Imrn 'J-.M September 1741, nt Uerlin. studied 

 medicine and natural history iit In-rlin. liottiiejen, 

 and Leyden, and, already famous, WHS in 1708 

 invited t-i st Petersburg I iy tin- Enipren Catharine. 



Appointed natnnBct to a scientific ex|>cd)lion to 

 oh-eive tin- tran-it of \'c-niis, he spent six years 

 ( 1768-74) exploring the I'rals, the Kirghiz Stcp|ies, 

 part of tin- AT _icat part of Siberia, and 



tin- steppe- of tin- Volga. returning with mi extra- 

 ordinary treasure of specimens in natural history. 

 !! wrote a series or works on the geography, 

 f-thnography. lima and fauna of tin- region- visited. 

 Ilr settled in tin- <'ri ..... a in !7!Hi. and there he 

 dietl, 8th Septeinlier 1811. The Sand-grouse (<j.v.) 

 is often called Pallas 's Sand grouse. 



I'allavicillO. SHMI/A, an Italian historian, 

 was born at UOIIH-. -JOth Xovemlier Ui"7. Having 

 taken piie-t'- onlcis in li>:i, he liecaine in l(i.'<8 a 

 niemlier of the Jesuit Society, and was created a 

 cardinal in HiV.I by I'ojie Alexander VII. Hi- died 

 at Home, ,'ith .lune I(iu7. The liest known of his 

 writings is Inturin tlrl Cuin-i/iii i/i Trrntn (Koine, 

 l(i5-.'>7), intended ius a reply to the e<iually cele- 

 brated and liberal work of Paul Sarpi, whose nar- 

 rative is nut altogether acceptable to Catholics. 

 FKIlltANTK I'AI.I. WlriNo (1(518-44) wrote pa.-iiuin- 

 ades which bitterly offended the papal curia and the 

 P.ailiciini family ; and In-ing bet ray et I into his 

 enemies' hands near Avignon, he was tried, con- 

 demned by a foregone conclusion, and beheaded. 



I'allirr, LA, a new harbour oiiened (1K89) to 

 receive huge tian-atlantic and oilier ocean-going 

 vessels bound for I. a ICnchelle in France, wheiu-e it 

 is |es.s than .'< miles distant. It eon-i-t- of an inner 

 liosin 2SJ acres in extent and an outer harbour pro- 

 : by two moles, each l.'.Mi feet long. 



I'nlllMT. Sin \VIU.MM. <Ml., won liorn at 

 ])iililin on IHth .linn- IH:I. and entered tlie army 

 an a cavalry ollicer. In Isti.'t he invented the chilled 

 idiot (we SMKI.I.I thai IMSIIS hi- name, and a 

 ytteni of strengthening caM iron ordnance by the 

 insertion of a stci-1 tnU-. HI- i.-tired in 1S7J. sat 

 (or Taunton as M.P., and die<l 4th February lss.> 



I'nlllllin. the name given in the lionmn Catlm 

 lie Chinch to one of the ecclesiastical ornamenis 

 woin by the po|ie. by iiat i iarchs, ami by arch- 

 bishops. It in worn by the jxipc nt all times, a* a 

 symbol of his reputed nnivei-al ami abiding juris- 

 diction. Hy nrchbi-hops it cannot lie wmn until 



it lias IMH-II solemnly a-ki'd for and gninteil by the 

 |KI|K-, and even then only during the -oleum service 

 of the great rliinch fe-tivals. uiifl on cn-ca-ion- of 

 the ordination of bislio|m or of priests, and other 

 similar actfl of his e|ii-copal ollice. The pal- 

 lium i- a narrow annul. n band of white woollen 

 Web, nlHiiit 3 inches wide, II|KUI which black 

 crosses are embroiden-d, which encitrleo the neck 

 of the archbishop, and from which two narrow 

 bands of the -.une material depend, one falling 

 over tin- breast, the other over the hack of tin- 

 wearer. It u made wholly or in part from the 



wool of two lamlis, which are blessed annually on 

 the festival of St Agnes. 



I'allll (I'lilunr or I'<itmnrrtr\ a natural order 



of endogenous plants, the products of which me ot 

 me ini|M>rt!iiice and utility to man. They are 

 arlmrescent, with erei t -tems, usually slender as 

 compared with the extreme height to which some 

 of the species attain, and simple or rarely branch- 

 ing ; some are stembs, their ]i axe- springing di 

 from the ground; othei- aie sarmentose, twining 

 alMiut the stems ami bniiiche- of ncighlioniing 



I iee-. by means of hooks or prickles, or trailing on 

 the ground with stems of almost incredible length 

 nnd extreme slenderness, as in the case of many of 

 the Calami. Kxtcrimlly the stems are hard and 



horny, often coated with a silii us deposit hard 



as Hint, nnd finely polished : the\ frcoiicntly are 

 armed with spine-, and marked with tne scars of 

 dead leaven, or clothed in the np|>ei part with the 

 remains of the dead leaf-stalks enveloped in ma es 

 of fibre. The interior of the stem is geneiallv soft 

 and pithy, intermingled with bundles of libre longi- 

 tudinally. So soft and easily exliaeted i- the 

 internal substance of the stems of many palms 

 that the outer hard case may readily be formed 

 into a cylindrical tulie. The "leaves vary much in 

 form superficially, but all the variations belong to 

 two types --the fan-veined and the pinnate-veined. 

 In the former the general outline i- that of a fan, 



with veins arising fr the top of the leaf-stalk 



and radiating like the ribs of a fan. In the other 

 type the leaves are more or less elongated, with a 

 distinct midrib extending to within a little of the 

 extiemity of the blade, which is always there cleft 

 in two down to the point of the midrib, and with 

 the veins springing from the sides of the midrib like 

 the pinnules of a feather. Leaves of tliis type are 

 sometimes entire, but more generally pinnate, and 

 impart much elegance and grace to the figure of 

 the particular specie- to which they In-long. The 

 size of palm-leaves varies extremely, some being 

 only a few inches in length, as in some sped-- of 

 Malortia, while in Miiiiirnrin .vrr/yr;vr they attain 

 the enormous proportions of 35 feet in length by 

 5 or 6 feet in breadth. The inflorescence i- a simple 

 or many-branched spadix enclosed in a spathe of 

 one or several valve-. The flowers arc small in- 

 dividually, but numerous, usually of a yellow tint, 

 and in some species powerfully odorous. They are 

 unisexual, bisexual, or polygamous, the male and 

 female flowers being borne in some species on 

 different plants. The fruit when ripe is Ipcrry- 

 like, drupaceous, plum-like, or, as in the cocoa nut, 

 nut-like. 



Palms are natives chiefly of the tropical regions 

 of the earth. A few are found in extra tropic.il 

 countries extending to 3(i X. hit. in America, 34" 

 X. hit. in A-ia. and in Kurope Ckamtervpt iutmiKt, 

 which is the only indigenous species, extend- to 



II N. lat. ; no species are found lieyond -" s "~ 

 hit. I.innu-us, whose knowledge of palms \\a 

 limited to the more arborescent specie-. \.r\ 

 appropriately named them the Piinces of the 

 \cgetable Kingdom.' Their stalely habit, the 

 elegant proportion of the stem-, and the grace 

 and U.-auty of the leaves of the majority of the 

 larger spi-cies, coupled with the great \arietv and 

 utility of the productK of all, mark them a- a mo-t 

 distinguished and valuable group of plants, gratify- 

 ing I lie eye by their adornment of the landscape, 

 and mini-id ing abundantly to the nccc ities and 

 the pleasures of 1>ot.li savage and civilised man. 

 Their stems when voun-' and tender are delicious 

 and nutritious fcxid ; when old and mature those 

 of certain species \ield valuable farinaceous siili- 

 stance- : some are valuable a- timber- trees, and the 

 terminal bud of several consist* ,,f (l mas- of tender 

 mucilaginous leaves, which are esteemed a delicate 



