730 



I- \MriiI.KT 



wiVAixi. ' plains') in a trim properly 

 conliiic.l to the imnien-e treelex plains nl the 

 Argentine Kcpuhli.-, which ii-e, almost im|>er 

 ceptihly, in a wries of terraces from the 

 the Imse of tin- CordilUCML F.xtcnding some 'JUKI 

 h\ '<<*> miles, they dillei g i rally in Nations di-tii.'l-. 

 1*lie nnrth-eaittern |Hirlinn, in the I'uniiui li-in. i- 

 one of the most fertile regions in the rcpuhlic : and 

 stirtoliing fnini this through I'limo* A\res ami thr 

 soulli of Cordova iiml Santa Fc is tin- rich grassy 

 pain pa land pro|>or, Mpport&ganftl heiUof rattle, 

 none*, and sh.-ep. 'I In- ie-t i- fur tin- HUM part 

 waterless and sterile. The soil. \vliii-h is aililiivniin 

 roiii|nisn| of windy clay, ami ahoinuls in the Ixinc- 

 oi extinct mammals, is more or less impregnate.! 

 with Halt, especially in tin- west, where .-trip- of 

 ih-cit, known as tritrrxiag, are numerous. Within 



recent years groat tract* of pasture have licet n 



verted into I'nrm lainl, hut stock raising i- slill the 

 rnont important iiiiln-try. The half-white hod- 

 men are called Caucho- (i|.v.). -The name t'ani]ias 

 is also given to the level di-trict- of 1'clll, where 

 those iif the Sacramento occupy an area estimateil 

 at 180,000 st). m., covered with primeval forest. 



Pampas Gra.ss ( fii/Hfriiini nr<tfiilriim), a grass 

 whieh coveis the pampas of South America. A 

 nohle gi a-., now well know n in British gardens as an 

 oin.imoiial plant, it i- quite hai.lv. ami its nuts 

 have a splendid ap|M-arance. The leave* are 6 or 8 

 feet lung, the eml arching gnicefully uvur ; the 



Punpu Unto (Gyntrium aryrnteum). 



flowering t-ni Id t 14 feot high ; the panirle* of 

 tlowt-rs hilvny white, ami from IS im-he- to -J f,. ( .t 

 long. The male ami female llowers are on wpaial.' 

 plantx; the opikeleis two -llowernl, one lloret 

 >talki-.|. ami the other M ile; the palea- of the 

 female lloret'. elotig.ttiil, HWII -hapinl, ami WiMillv. 

 The herlxige i t<Hi i-oal-e lo IK- of Vflllll". Tile 

 plant is now i-ultivat.il at ( ioleto, California, for 

 the wike of it* plume-, which are \einlnl hy lloii-is 

 for room <! uali.ui. Their culture ami prepara- 

 tion for market form a con-iil-ralile industry. 

 Another pwie- of the name genii-. <!. nn<-i-l<i<r<n<lf*, 

 a IJin/ili.in x"-i-~. \ieMs a con-i.lerahle i|iiaiitity of 

 Ugar. A ilccoetion of the HMII of ','. /nirrj/lurum 

 ! nmxl in Itra/il to stien^then the hair. 



Pnnt|n<< llnrr. SeeVi-<M-n\. 



PaiiipHiiua. 01 l'\Mri,nN\. a fortilie<l citv of 

 northern Spain. xtan.U on a tiihutary of the Kino, 

 111 mill-* hy rail N\V. of /arago/n (SaragoMa) 

 nil Wi S. hy \V. of r.uyonne in RruM, It ha* a 

 ciuulcl (a copy of that of Antwcrj)), a Gothic cathe- 



' dral (13!I7), a vicen-gal pahu-e. a fine n<|iie<liict. a 

 natural history colln-iion. a college of hiirgery. inul 

 a hull-ling, manufacture- of (tottery, leather, cloth, 

 hantware. Vc., ami a trade in wine. ll \\a- called 

 h> the ancientH PoUtptiopoli*, liecau-e huilt liy 

 r.unpe> in (is ll. i'. ll a- taken hy the (iolh- in 

 4liii. iiv the l-'nuiks in .M'J. and hy Charlemagne in 

 77s. i-'iom!Kl7 it wa-thecapital of Navarre. 1 

 dining the siege hy the Flench ill 1.VJ1 that Loyola 

 (q.v.) receive.! hix wound. The town was se'i/nl 

 hy the French in 1S08, and held hy them till Isl.'i, 

 when it was ca|ituied hy Wellington. It again 

 capitulate.! to the French in ls-_>:{. In the Cailit 

 wins it was held hy Qm-en Clni-linn's ailhcicni~ 

 from 1K3(> to 1840, and in ls7.'i 7H it was \ainly 

 attacked Hcvernl times hy the I 'arlists. 1'op. 25,(i.'tn. 

 I'nillpllh't. The word is used hy Hot-leu- in 

 1411, who aiiplies the name ' paintlrt ' to his rather 

 long ]H-III Ut A'"/"""" I'liii'-i/niiii, and hy Caxton, 

 who s(iells it paiinllett.' licuin.l this we know 

 nothing for certain the ultimate origin may he 

 /'iiniji/iilti, the name of a lir-t century writer of 

 epitomes. In the 15th century the word wa- 

 a|i|ilied chielly to short poems, 'am! the modern 

 meaning was only gradually assumed. DaM<-- 

 (1715) in his Jnni lilifllni-inii, "/ Cnli'-nl lli*t"i>i 

 offaiii/i/i/i/K, delines it - 'any little liook or small 

 volume whatever, whether stitched or hound, 

 whether good or had, whether serious or ludicrous, 

 whether esteemed or slighted.' ll is evident, 

 however, that some literary elianoterUtici must 

 IM- adtled in order to exclude sermons, academic 

 dissertations, clmp-liooks, hroadsi.les. \c. The 

 |inni(>hlet has a tlistinct aim, it relates to some 

 matter of current interest, religious, political, or 

 literary, and, whether didactic, religious, or con- 

 troversial, is the spontaneous expression of one 

 who seeks to excite or change some popular feeling 

 or opinion. In England the history of pamphlets 

 would he the history of the thought of the people. 

 From the tracts of Wyclif and hi- followers in 

 the 14th century to the 7m<7.v /'<// tin' Tinfx in 

 the 18th, from the heights of nohle enthusiasm in 

 Milton's Artopagitica and Tn-t </;< Kilui-atiim to 

 the most scurrilous of party pamphlet-, all relied, 

 or appeal to, some phase of popular feeling. One 

 of the earliest and mo-t ell'cctive of such appeals 

 to the puhlic precipitated the course of ecclesiasti- 

 cal events in the Kith century i.e. the .vy/</V. 

 don J'nr tin Ji'ifi/'irx, in which Simon Fish (1-VJM; 

 shanily satirised the hi.-hops, ahlxits. (iiiois, 

 monks, ant! generality of the clergy.' A copy of 

 this was sent to Anne Holevn, and 'diver- copies 

 scattered in the streets of London.' To this Sir 

 Thomas More replied with his ,s'/^i//ci-i/(, <./' 

 ,sw/iMf. Then followtil an unceasing How of 

 Puritan pamphlet-, and in I.V47 the lainoii- Martin 

 Marprelatc series commenced, and in I I'M 7 the 

 Killinii mi Miinlrr attracted more attention than 

 any other political writing of the time. The enor- 

 mous collection of publications, chielly pamphlet-, 

 made hy Thomoson the iHiokseller. now in the 

 Ilrilish .Museum, ranging merely from HMO to llio'-!. 



\i-t Blling 9000 Tola >, l.-ll- the hi-tory of the Civil 



War from day to day. The PampUetttr, 1SI3-28, 

 in twenty nine volume-, contains tlie he-t (inniphlets 

 of that period, and is full of material for history. 

 In our day the multitude ,,f ipiartcrly review-, 

 monthly maga/ines. ami weekly papers gives to 

 authors a more certain and a more extensive cir- 

 culation ; yet the pamphlet reappears whenever 

 popular feeling is really aroused, or ill the piopa- 

 gandi-m of such causes as anli vivisection, anti- 

 \arrimition, and the like. Some prolihc topics 

 have IMM-U the llullion ( >ucstion (l.SKM ihe Poor 

 Laws (1S28-34). Tracts for the Tim.- !">:<:! 45), 

 the Canadian Hevolt (1837-38), the Corn Laws 

 (1841-48), the Crimean War and the Indian 



