T32 



PANAMA CRIMSON 



PAXCRAS 



plant estimated nt about 6,nDO,OOI> a rust in- 

 away, much already useless. The tide level rut ut 

 Colon was rapidly tilling in, ami tin- line liarlxmr 

 lltallowing, owing to the cut. In IVH tin 1 govern 

 ment >if i .ii., in', 1 1 - .mi"il to tin- Panama c.-uiiil 

 Comimny an extension f ten yeais fiiini ISU't in 

 whioli to linish their contract. provided o|>crations 

 should Ira resumed before I-'eluiiaiy 1MI3. I > 

 Les*eps seems to have enien-d ii|>n tiie )>l:in with- 

 out Millicicnt knowliilge. It is also alleged thnt 



lunch money was MMMknd through 

 ami incapacity. Moieo\er, many hundiuls of tln> 

 workmen HITI- swept away liy tropical dis, 

 yellow anil pernicious fevers, dysentery, iVc., the 

 clinmte of the Isthmus being pestilential and 

 death dcalin". Indeed (ho Isthmus ami its towns 

 are hot beds of malignant disease, distributed thence 

 byjMUwing merchandise to all charters. 



The obstacles to a tide le\ el canal are great, such 

 as the swaiii| and volcanic ledges on the 1'anama 

 ide; ami the man-lies and quicksands on the At- 

 lantic coast are apparently iiiNiirinountable. The 

 l-Tioilir.il overflow of thctlmgres tills the valley of 

 the Isthmus, art in the flood of 1ST'.', which swept 

 all before it, ami rovenil the railway with 1*2 feet 

 of water. The wet Reason of nearly eight months 

 cause* delays and damages to cutting". Earth- 

 quake*, too, occur, as in September ls.vj. which did 

 lunch damage to both Isthmian cities and the Pa- 

 nama Kailwav, whilst a tiilal wave caused -real de- 

 struction of I ii'c and property on the islands ami coast 

 of the. (iulf of Darien ; and to natural olwtacles must 

 be added thegreatcostof labourand living. SeeNel- 

 on, five Yeart nt fanamd (N. Y. 1889 ; Lond. 1891). 



Panama Crimson. See DVKIM;. 



P.III;II licinra. the most famous festival of 

 Attica. celebrated at Athens in honour of Athena, 

 Hitron goddess of the city. All writers who men- 

 tion it speak of a Ixrsser and Greater I'analhen.ra, 

 the former annual, the latter iiimdrenninl. The 

 procession of the festival wax MOJptared bv Phidias 

 ami his diriple on the frieze of the Parthenon. 



I'annx. 



I'aiia.V. an island of the Philippines (f].v.), south 

 of LII/OII. Area, 4540 iu\. m. Mountain-chains run 

 parallel to the east and west coasts. It is e\< ...... 1- 



iii^'ly fertile, and has vast pastures. Cupiz, Iloilo, 

 uml I'an.iy t |MI|I. l.">,484) are the chief towns. 



I'illK-lialailtra. the oldest extant collection 



of apologues ami stories in Sanskrit literature. 



This work is a compilation due to a Itrahmaii 



named \ i-lmu-.u man. who is represented as at 



imei- tlii- n.iirator of tlie stories ami author of the 



biMik. CitinpfKiiil of nanativiM., some of which are 



foiiml in ditleieiit literary moiiiuneiitx. and of 



pomages Umowcd from Ir^ishitorN, moralists, and 



. tin- ranchataiitra lion Ix-en siilijeeli.il to 



many miHlilirations. Wilson, who fn-st gave a 



det-.ilrd analxsisof the wmk (Tnim. Jluy. Atint. 



a, i., l.on.l. IS'27), luul three 



widely varying MSS. In'foie him. KiHx-pirtcn, the 



''Mini ot the Sanskrit te\t, found the same 



> I" ll ..... levell MSS. lie used. Ill tllese he 



1 two distinct leil.-ii-iions, one simple uml 

 without onmment. the other nmie cxii-ndul uml 

 elaboratil. Neither of thes.- is, however, the first 

 form of the work, llonfey hehl that there existed 

 n -till more ancient text, f, ..... which the lost 

 Pehlcvi translation was made, and that the Pan- 

 clmtrtntra wi com|ioc.| s,,!,,, -.pient to that trans- 

 liition Tlii IVIilevi veisioii WILS the pairnt of the 

 Arnliie K'lltlnli tm fhnimi/i, as also of the old 

 Syrinc virxion of Itiekell ami Ilenfey ( Is76). The 

 lxok of KiiHInli uti />,,/, ,lii|ei> consi.leralily 

 from the 1'nticlialAntra, It in di\idnl into ei-lr 

 oliaptern, of which only live (.">, 7, *. !i. l(t| com-- 

 ppond to the livo j>afu of our collection. The 



literary histoiyof this work and its extraordinary 

 ilill'ilsiou aiming the lan^uayex of we-tern Knro|io 

 itn- -ketcheil in the article ItitU-AI. 



s.iim- of the failles contaimil in the Pancha- 

 tantrn are foiiml in the Mahaliharata. otheis h.ne 

 tlieii source in Ituddhist Ixxiks, and there exist in 

 Sansktit se\eral ahritl^ments or imitations. (If 

 these the most ancient forms part of the Kathasaiit- 

 siigara ('Ocean of the Streams of Storv"). oom- 

 |MISI| by SomadexaalKiut the bogiltoing Of the 12th 

 century. The text of this work was edited by 

 II. Hnickhaus ( Ix'ip. 1839-U2 (56) ; aCerman i 

 lation by the same scholar was published in 

 ( lA'ip. 2 vols.), and one in Kn^lisli by Professor C. 

 H. lawney in 1880 (Calcutta, -' vols.)." It contains, 

 of the Panchatantra, the first three Inioks, three 

 fables of the fourth, and one of the fifth. Another 

 abridgment, in which most of the poetical limita- 

 tions are omitted, is entitled Kt(lh<nnrHi>iillii 

 ('Treasure of the Ambrosia of Stories'), lint the 

 most celebrated of its imitations i> the //,Y,y.,n/, ,s, ( 

 ('I'seful Instruction'), of comparatively modern 

 date. Like Somiuleva, its author, Sri Narayana, 

 has taken only the first three Iwioks of the Indian 

 oriirinal ; lie has drawn from the last two four 

 fables only, and inserted them in his third and 

 fourth luniks. 



The Panchatnntra liclongs to the class of works 

 designated ill India as Xili.*ii.\ti-n.v (./>//, 'lMM>k 

 of knowledge,' and niti, 'conduct '), com|M>sed for 

 the instruction of princes and all those railed to 

 take a share in the direction of public affairs. The 

 live books of which it is composed form as many 

 distinct jiarts, related to each other by an intro- 

 duction in which a kinj;, after having taken the 

 advice of his councillors, entrusts to a Itiahman 

 the education of his three sons. The latter com- 

 poses the Panchatantra for the instruction of the 

 vounjr princes, and by the reading of that work 

 lie succeeds in overcoming their indolence and in 

 developing their faculties. 



The lirst l>ook is the longest, and has for t\ 

 titje Milrnlilii-ilit ( The Disunion of Friends'). Its 

 object is to acquaint kings how dangerous it is to 

 lend an ear to the perfidious insinuations of those 

 who seek to sow divisions between a prince and his 

 faithful friends. The second liook, entitled Mitrtt- 

 jini/iti ('The Acquisition of l-'i lends '), has for its 

 aim to show how advantageous it is to form unions 

 and help each other. The third book, A"/.o/<./ 

 ('The War of the Crows uml the Owls'), shows tlie 

 danger of trus-ting to men unknown or to enemies. 

 The fourth, LabakapritntUaiM ('The Loss of Ac- 

 i|iiired Good'), proves that we often lose by im- 

 prudence what we had gained with d illicit! ty. The 

 lifth and hist Ixmk, Aporikckitakltrttoa (Incon- 

 siderate Conduct'), shows the danger of living too 

 precipitate in action. A principal apologue forms 

 the subject, or, more correctly, the framework, of 

 each of the five liooks. I'abirs contained in that 

 a|K>logue, and often involved the one with the 

 other, are related by the personages introduced. 

 The narrative is Intermingled with a multitude of 

 sentences, maxims, n-markable thoughts, extracts 

 from codes of legislators, heroic and other poems, 

 and dramas. 



Tlic text of the Panchatantra has been edited by Kose- 

 Burton (2 vol. Konn and Greifswald, 1848-59), and O. 

 BBhUr and F. K ellmrn in the ' Runhay Sanskrit' scriei 

 (1M8-(!!M. Tlieri- in an admirable (ii-riiian trnlntion 

 "f<-y (2 veil*. I.eip. 18MI), a French trannlatimi, 

 with ii-, ful iuitp on the sourccn and imitation* of the 

 turies, by f-dnnanl |jinc4 ix-an ( 1M71 |. Vol. i nf r-nfey' 

 wnrk in rntirvly taken up liy a maiteily and exhaiutive 

 introduction, tin- het work that li yet ap|>eared on the 

 source* and the difTua.un of Indian fables. 



I'anrras. ST, the son of a heathen noble of 

 Synnada in Phrygia, lost both parents whilst a 



