PANCREAS 



PANDOURS 



733 



boy, and was taken to Rome by an uncle, and 

 there baptised, but immediately afterwards was 

 slain (304) in the Diocletian persecution, being 

 only fourteen years old. The first church that 

 St Augustine consecrated in England was dedi- 

 cated to St Pancras ; it stood at Canterbury. The 

 London terminus of the Midland Railway, St 

 Pancras Station, is situated in the parish of St 

 Pancras. See G. Clinch, Marylebone and St 

 Pancras (1891). 



Pancreas ( from the Gr. pan, 'all, 'and kreas, 

 ' flesh ' ) is a conglomerate gland, lying transversely 

 across the posterior wall of the abdomen, varying 

 in length from 6 to 8 inches, having a breadth of 

 about an inch and a half, and a thickness of from 

 half an inch to an inch. Its usual weight is about 

 three ounces. The head of the pancreas lies in the 

 concavity of the duodenum. For the action of the 

 pancreatic juice, and an illustration of the pancreas, 

 see DIGESTION. 



The diseases of the pancreas are few, and do 

 not signify their existence by any very marked 

 symptoms. The most common form of disease is 

 cancerous deposit in the head of the gland, which 

 frequently induces jaundice by obstructing the 

 common fiiliarv duct near its opening. An accurate 

 diagnosis of disease of this organ is extremely 

 dillicitlt, and cannot lead to efficient treatment ; 

 all that can be done in these cases being to palliate 

 the most distressing symptoms. The pancreas of 

 ruminating animals is a favourite article of food 

 under the name of sweetbread. 



PailCSOVa. a town in the south of Hungary, 

 inhabited by (1890) 17,948 Servians and Germans, 

 stands 9 miles NE. of Belgrade, on the Temes, not 

 far from its junction with the Danube. The people 

 breed silkworms, brew beer, distil brandy, make 

 starch, grind flour, &c. The Austrian* took the 

 place from the Turks in 1716, routed them there 

 in 1739, burned the town in 1788, and in 1849 

 defeated the Hungarians under Kiss. 



Panda (Ailunis ftilgens), a rare and remark- 

 able animal in thp bear section of Carnivores. It 

 lives among rocks and trees by the sides of streams 

 at great altitudes in the south-east Himalayas, and 



Panda ( A Hums fulgent ). 



in eastern Tibet. Like a large cat in size, it lias 

 long, thick, brilliant reddish-brown fur, black 

 beneath, high pointed ears, stout plantigrade limbs, 

 with large, very slightly retractile claws, and woolly 

 soles. The bushy tail is almost as long as the 

 l(ody, and has beautiful rings of red and yellow. 

 The molar teeth are very broad, with numerous 

 cu.ipx ; the diet consists of fruits, roots, and other 

 parts of plants. A captive panda in the Zoo in 

 London sucked water like a liear, and ran like a 

 weasel in a jumping gallop. In its native haunts 

 it climbs trees dexterously. The call varies from 



a curious bird-like chirp to a loud squeal. By the 

 large bear-like Ailurop-us melanoleucus, with snow- 

 white fur and black legs, the panda is linked to 

 the bears, but in several features it is nearer the 

 raccoons of the New World. 



Paildaiiacea^, a natural order of endogenous 

 plants, wholly natives of the tropics. They are 

 trees or bushes, often sending down adventitious 

 roots, sometimes Weak and decumbent, or climb- 

 ing. The leaves are imbricated linear-lanceolate 

 and spiny, or pinnate and palmate without spines. 

 The flowers are unisexual, naked, polygamous, or 

 arranged on a spadix, and wholly covering it. The 

 stamens are numerous ; the ovaries usually clus- 

 tered, one-celled, each crowned with a stigma; 

 the fruit consists of fibrous, one-seeded drupes, 

 collected or almost combined, or of berries with 

 many seeds. There are not quite 100 known 

 species. Some are valuable for the fibre of their 

 leaves, some for their edible fruit, &c. See SCREW 

 PINE. The unexpanded leaves of Carludovica 

 palmata furnish the material of which Panama 

 hats are made. The tree which yields Vegetable 

 Ivory (q. v. ) is Pltytelephaji macrocarpa belonging to 

 this order. The (lowers of Pandanus odorcittssimtis 

 are very fragrant ; in India they are boiled with 

 meat, and are regarded as aphrodisiac. It is cul- 

 tivated in some parts of Japan for the sake of the 

 perfume of the flowers, and the adventitious roots 

 are used as substitutes for corks. 



Pamlavas. See MAHABHARATA. 



Paildfail Pipes, a series, fastened side by 

 side, of short reeds or pipes, graduated in length 

 so as to give out different notes when blown across 

 their mouths. See PAN. 



Pandects (Gr. pmuleetai, ' all-containing '), or 

 the DIGEST, one of the celebrated legislative works 

 of the Emperor Justinian (q.v. ). 



Paildharpnr, a town of British India, 112 

 miles SE. of Poona, on a branch of the Kistna. 

 It is highly revered by the Hindus on account of a 

 temple dedicated to an incarnation of Vishnu. 

 Pop. 16,910. 



Pandit. See PUNDIT. 



Pandora (i.e. the 'all-endowed'), according 

 to Greek myth, was the first woman on the earth. 

 When Prometheus had stolen fire from heaven 

 Zeus instigated Hephnestus to make woman out of 

 earth to bring vexation upon man by her graces. 

 The gods endowed her with every gift necessaiy 

 for this purpose, beauty, boldness, cunning, &c. ; 

 and Zeus sent her to Epimethens, the brother of 

 Prometheus, who forgot his brother's warning 

 against accepting any gift from Zeus. A later form 

 or the myth represents Pandora as possessing a 

 vessel or box filled with every form of human ills, 

 on opening which they all spread over the earth, 

 Hope alone remaining. A still later version makes 

 the box filled with winged blessings, which man- 

 kind would have continued to enjoy if curiosity had 

 ted Pandora to open it, when all " 



the 



not prompt 



blessings new out, except Hope. 



Pandour.S, a people of Servian origin who 

 lived scattered among the mountains of Hungary, 

 near the village of Pandour in the county of Sold. 

 The name used to be applied to that portion of 

 the light-armed infantry in the Austrian service 

 raised in the Slavonian districts on the Turkish 

 frontier. They originally fought after the fashion 

 of the ' free-lances, and were a terror to the enemy 

 whom they annoyed incessantly. Their appearance 

 was exceedingly picturesque, being somewhat 

 oriental in character, and their arms consisted of a 

 musket, pistols, a Hungarian sabre, and two 

 Turkish poniards. Their habits of brigandage and 

 cruelty rendered them, however, as much a terroi 



