734 



PANDn.K 



PANORAMA 



to the |Nii|ilc they defended M to tin- enemy, ami 

 alnmt 17">> they were put under stricter discipline, 

 and gradually UMOrpOTftied with the regular army. 

 The nnini* is now obsolete. 



I'anilllir, c \I:IIISAI.. the commissioner Bent 

 by InniH-rtit III. to Kiuu' .lohii in l-l.'t. who 

 relumed to England a- legate (1218-21), and ill 

 I'JIS waa mode Ili-hop of Nmuirli. l.angton 

 strongly opposi-d his pretensions as legate, and 

 got his comnii--ion cancelled. 



1'aMJIf LilliCUa (Lat., 'Now, my T ongue, the 

 m\ -ten tilling ' ). one of the most remarkable of the 

 I:', nin- uf tlic K<nii:in Itreviary, nud like its kindred 

 Jivinii. l.iiiiiln .s'l/i/i. a most characteristic e\:iiiipli> 

 ol mediieval Ijitin versification. The Pange Lingua 

 i- a hymn in honour of the eiicharist, and U'loiigx 



to the scr\ ii f the Kotival of Corpus Christ i. It 



was written liy the great Angelic pootor, Thomas 

 Aquinas, and consist- of six strophes of \. 

 alternate rhyme. l'.-sides its place in the office of 

 the lireviary, tin 1 'Tjintum ergo,' a portion of this 

 hymn, forms part of the sen ice railed Itenediction 

 with the lllessed Sacrament, and is .-nn^ on all 

 icca-ions of the exposition, procession, and other 

 pulilio acts of eucharistic worship. 



Pangcm-sis. See (Vol. VI. p. 676) HEREDITY. 



Pangolin, or SCALY AXT-EATEH, a name given 

 to the vaiioiiH species of the genus Manis belonging 

 to the mamiiialmn order Kdentata, and confined to 

 the Oriental and Ethiopian regions. The most 



Pangolin (Manii prntailactyla). 



marked peculiarity of these animals is their cover- 

 ing of scale-like structures, which are really formed 

 of niiineioiis hair* clo-e|\ fu-ed. The pangolin is 

 mo-t nearly allied to tin- Aardvark (q.v.) of South 

 Africa, and like it is edentate ami feeds upon 

 ants. When threatened with danger these animals 

 mil themselves into a hull like the hedgehog. 



Pango Panico. See SAMOA. 



I'iinii-lr. See GRASSES. 



Panirum. See MII.I.KT. 



I'. mini, the ^re.-it<-st known Rrammarian of an- 

 Iii'lia. whose \vnrk. ei|ii:tlly adminilde for pre- 

 i-i-ion of stutement and analytical skill, hius up to 

 the present d.iy remained the'>t;inihird of Sanskrit 

 (>|.v.) ^riiniiiinr. < If his lifr little is known --.i\r 

 thnt he wiu< Uirn near Attock, in the- 7th century 

 B.C., a. -.online to ( Joldstiicker, while Weber and 

 li'.litlink -ivi- iiliout :<50 II. c. 



I'dllipllt. a own of the I'nnjiil.. i Mtuated 53 

 miles N. of Delhi, near the old lunik of the Jumna. 

 nnd on the yreat military nwid of northern India 

 iH-tween Afuhani-tan ami the I'unjali. llem-e it 

 hit" U-en at \iirioiis limes the scene of strife lie- 

 tween the people of India ami her invaders. '\'\\t>fir*t 

 L'reat Iwttle of ranipat was fought in I.VJD. hen 



ItltlxT. at the head of 12.<HKI Mongols, defeated the 



army, 100,000 trang, of the emperor of helhi. The 



ttrmi't xn-:\\ little was fought in l.V.(i hy the Mon 

 f!\n iindiT Aklinr, uramlson of It/vlicr, and third of 

 the Mo^'iil eiii|H-rors, m-ain-t lleinn. an Indian 

 general of the Afghan Sher Shah, the latter lacing 



te<l. The i/im/luittle was fought on 7th Janu- 

 :n \ 1 7'il I*-! ween Ahmed, ruler of Afghanistan, and 

 the till then invincilile Mahrattas, who on this 



i. in snllered a total defeat and j^ieat slaughter. 

 The existing town is enclo-cd hy an old wall, and 

 manufactures cop|ieinten-ils. cloth, hlatikets, hard- 

 ware, silver ami glass ornaments. P. (1NU1 )'J7,.~'T4. 



r.-nii//i. Si i! AvniiiNY. principal librarian of 

 the Itritish Museum from ls.".li to IS66, was IHUII 

 Kith SeptemlM-r 17H7. at I'.n'scello, in the duchy of 

 Modena, He stndie<l at I'adnu, and became an 

 advocate, lint, sharing in the revolution of 1821, 

 had to flee. Condemned to death in absence, he 

 settled in Liverpool, where the friendliness of 



KoRcoe procured hi injiloyment as a teacher of 



Italian, 'riiroiigh Brougham's hclji he was in 1828 

 made professor of Italian in I'liiverxity College, 

 London, and in 1831 assistant-librarian in the 

 IJiitish .Museum. As keeper of the printed Ixwks 

 ( 1S37) he undertook the new catalogue, and it was 

 he who designed the new reading room (see Huri'isii 

 MUSEUM). He was long a fast friend and corre- 

 spondent of Prosper Mcrimce. ami dieil April 8, 

 1879, having been made K.C.I;, in 1869. He 

 retained to the end a lively interest in the cause of 

 Italian freedom. See his Life by Fagan ( 1880). 



I'anjah. a province of India. See PUNMAII. 



Panjini, a city of Portuguese India. See GOA. 



I'illllia. capital of a small native state in Bun- 

 delkhand, 173 miles S\V. of Allahabad. Pop. of 

 town, 14,676 ; of state, 227,306. 



Pailliwnia. a province of the ancient Koman 

 empire, bounded on the N. and E. by the Donulie, 

 on the YV. by the mountains of Norieum. and on the 

 S. reaching a little way across the Save ; it thus 

 included part of modern Hungary, Slnvonia, parts 

 of Itosnia, of Croatia, and of Carniola, Styria, and 

 Lower Austria. It received its name from the 

 I'annonians. a race of doubtful origin, but who at 

 first dwelt in the country between the Dalmatian 

 Mountains and the Save, in modern Itosnia, and 

 afterwards more to the south-east in Mcesia. The 

 Koiuun arms were first mined against them anil 

 their neighbours, the lapvdes, by Augustus in .'{,"i 

 B.C. After repeated defeats the Pannoliians 

 settled alioiit H A.I), in the more northeiu commie-, 

 which received their name, nnd of which the former 

 inhabitants, the Celtic Itoii, had been in great part 

 destroyed iii Casar's time. The country was now 

 formed into a Roman province, deal numbers of 

 the I'annonian youth were draftee! into the Roman 

 legions. In tin- .">th century it was transferred from 

 the Western to the Eastern Empire, and after- 

 wards given up to the Huns. Aller Attila's death, 

 in 4.Vt. the (Isirogoths obtained possession of it. The 

 Lonflobsrdf undi-r AllHiin made themselves masters 

 of it in ,VJ7, and relinqnikhed it to the Avari upon 

 commencing their expedition to Italy. Slavonian 

 tril>cs also settled in the south. Charlemagne 

 brought it under his sceptre. In the reigns of his 

 -iicee ins the Slavonians spread northward, and 

 the country became- a part of the great Moravian 

 kingdom, till the Magyars or Hungarians took it 

 in the end of the !lth century. 



Panorama t('-r. /nm, 'all,' and horama, 'a 



view'), a word coined by or for liarker in 1788 

 to mean 'a view all round.' The word is used 

 loosely for all that the eye can -ee at once, or by n 

 pei-on's simjdy turning round, from an eminence; 

 also for a series of pictures, such for example as what 

 i- called a ' panorama of the Rhine,' folded up in a 

 kind of portfolio. The name is also given to a con- 

 tinnou- serie- of iiainted pictures exhibited at one 

 end of u room, and moved so as successively to pass 

 into and out of the field of view by some mechani- 

 cal arrangement. This when Men from a distance 



