PANORMUS 



PANTHAYS 



735 



through an opening, and under a combination of 

 direct and reflected light (as invented by Daguerre 

 and Bouton), is called a tliorauia. But the word 



rorama properly belongs to what is now called, 

 way of distinction, cyclornma a -continuous 

 painting on the interior of a cylindrical surface, the 

 si>ectator standing in the centre. It is claimed 

 tliat Breising of Danzig proposed such a plan. 

 But Robert Barker (1739-1806), an Irish painter 

 resident in Edinburgh, is entitled to the credit of 

 having not merely conceived the method, but of 

 having successfully carried it out on a large scale ; 

 his first 'panorama' being a view of Edinburgh, 

 painted in water-colour on paper pasted on a 

 cylinder of canvas 2o feet in diameter, and exhib- 

 ited in Edinburgh in 17S8. This he took to 

 London in 1789; and in 1793 he erected a special 

 building, one of the rooms of which admitted a 

 circular picture 90 feet in diameter. Robert Fulton 

 i- said to have painted and exhibited shortly after 

 this the first panorama seen in Paris. But on the 

 Continent the panorama in this sense first became 

 very popular after the Franco-German war of 1870- 

 71. In various towns of Germany and in Paris 

 panoramas of the war were exhibited in buildings 

 specially built for the purpose ; the Parisian one 

 of the f-iege of Paris being enormously successful. 

 In the United States also large panoramas have 

 been exhibited, the subjects lioing battle-scenes 

 from the civil war. A large panorama of the 

 battle of Bannockbiiru, painted by Fleischer of 

 Munich, was shown in a specially erected building 

 in Glasgow in 1888; and one of the battle of 

 Trafalgar, by the same artist, was a feature of 

 the Edinburgh Exhibition of 1890. In the same 

 year Niagara was brought on canvas to London, 

 and in 1831 this was succeeded by a view of 

 Jerusalem on the day of the Crucilixion. Georama 

 is the name given to a delineation of the earth's 

 surface on the interior of a hollow sphere, the 

 spectator being in the centre of the whole (see 

 GLOBES). 



Panoriiuis. See PALERMO. 



I'.'lllslavisill. a movement with the aim of 

 drawing closer together all the various races of 

 Slavonic stock, and combining their influence in 

 political and other directions. Some extreme 

 Slavophils have even proposed an actual amal- 

 gamation in nationality, language, literature, and 

 religion. The first literary representative was the 

 Slovak ixn-t Kollar (q.v.), and the movement 

 showed first in Bohemia (q.v.), where the philo- 

 logical and historical work of Schafarik and 

 Pahicky contributed to give it impetus. The Poles 

 of Prussia resisted Gmnanisation ; Serbs, Slovaks, 

 and Croats asserted their rights against their 

 Magyar masters ; and the still less fortunate Slavs 

 of Turkey gladlv swelled the chorus. But at the 

 first great Panslavic congress at Prague in 1848 

 the most convenient medium of Intercourse proved 

 to l>e the tongue of the alien Germans! Russia, 

 niter lieing called to suppress the Hungarian revolu- 

 tion, came to be regarded as the protector of all 

 Slavs ; and the papers ami periodicals of Russian 

 Slavophils, such as Aksakoll' ami Katkoll', heartily 

 promoted this growing feeling. The growing domi- 

 nance of Russia caused the Poles to withdraw their 

 hearty support, and even the Czechs liegan to fear 

 that Panslavism, under Russian guidance, looked 

 like PanriissiHiu. There were no Poles at the 

 second congress at Moscow in 1807 ; but Russia found 

 a most receptive field for her propaganda in Bul- 

 garia, Servia, and Macedonia. And in the re- 

 current crises of the Eastern Question (q.v.) Russia 

 became more pronouncedly the protector of all 

 Eastern Christians. The Austrian Slavs felt them- 

 selves put iuto the background by the re-constitu- 



tion of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, 

 which gave so much more power to the Magyars. 

 The war in the Balkan Peninsula in 1875-78 was 

 doubtless largely due to Panslavist intrigue as 

 well as to Christian grievances ; but the rearrange- 

 ments that have taken effect since the Berlin 

 treaty, especially the resolute self-assertion of the 

 Bulgarians, have somewhat disillusioned Russian 

 Panslavists. See SLAVS, RUSSIA ; and Hausler, 

 Dei- Panslawismus (Berlin, 1886 et seq.). 



Pansy. See VIOLET. 



Pantagraph, or PANTOGRAPH (Gr. panta, 

 ' all ; ' graphein, ' to delineate ' ), an instrument 

 invented for the purpose of making copies, reduced 

 or enlarged, of drawings or plans. It is made 

 in various 

 forms, one 

 of which is 

 shown in the 

 figure. Four 

 rods are so 

 hinged to one 

 another that 

 AE is equal 

 to DF, and 

 AD to EF; 

 hence ADFE 

 is always a 

 pa ral 1 e 1 o- 

 gram. If from 

 a given point 

 C on Ah any 

 straight line ; 

 BH (or n, b) 

 be drawn, 

 cutting the 

 other arms, 

 the triangle 



ABC will always, no matter how the arms of the 

 instrument be moved, be equal to the triangle 

 DBH. It follows that, if the instrument be pivoted 

 on a point at B (usually by a weight), a pencil- 

 point inserted at H and a tracing-point at C, and 

 the latter traced over the lines of a drawing, the 

 pencil-point at H will trace a reduced copy of the 

 drawing. The proportion of the reduction will be 

 as BH is to BC. B and H are made to slide on 

 their respective rods, so that any proportion of 

 reduction can be made. By changing the places of 

 the pencil and tracing point, an enlarged copy may 

 be made. The instrument is fitted with little castors 

 to facilitate its free motion. The pantograph was 

 invented by the Jesuit Chi istoph Schemer prior to 

 1631, and improved by Professor W. Wallace of 

 Edinburgh prior to 1831. 



Enlargements or reductions can now be done so 

 much more accurately by means of photography 

 that the pantagraph is nearly obsolete. See COPY- 

 ING. 



Pailtcllaria, a volcanic island in the Mediter- 

 ranean. 30 miles in circumference, and lying 60 

 miles SW. of the Sicilian coast. In the chief town 

 ( Pantellaria, pop. 3600) is a great convict prison. 



Pantlialops. See CHIRU. 



I'antliays, a Mohammedan community occu- 

 pying the province of Yun-nan in the south-west 

 of China, who asserted their independence in 1855. 

 In 1859 they captured Talifoo, the second city of 

 the province, and in 18">8 the capital. Their leader 

 Wen-soai ( King Suleiman ) established his authority 

 over about 4,000,000 of people, of whom not above a 

 tenth were Mohammedans. In 1866 the Chinese 

 government recognised the independence of the Pan- 

 thays, and in 1872 their king sent his son Hassan 

 on a mission to Europe. Meanwhile the Chinese 

 again attacked the Panthays, defeated them utterly, 

 and finally suppressed their empire. Panthays is 



