r \\ i IIKI-M 



PANTOGRAPH 



nn anglicised form of 1'nit-ii, their own nanic. 

 They me -till nuiiieron-. 



I'nnlhrlslU (Cr. fin, 'nil, 'ami Ihn.t. 'Cod'), 

 the nniiH- given l<> I hat -\-tcm of -j.iviihuion which, 

 in it* siiiritiml foiin. MMtUtai tin' unii-r-- with 

 (td iiiLtfMisiii). mi. I, in it-- mini- niati-ii.il I'm in. 

 CIN| with tin- uniici-c. It is tinly tlio lnttT kiml 



ill pMltlli-i-lll that i- lo-icalK open to till- accll-a 



linn Hi atheism: the former liiis often IM-CII the 

 expression of a profound religiosity. Tin- word 

 I'.inthci-t in comparatively modern. Mid -ccni- to 

 linve been coimsl by tin- IK'J-I .lolm Tolaiul in \ 

 ITn'i, ;unl i- n-c.l shortly alter that date by his 

 oji|MinentK and orthodox writers like \\.-itciland. 

 Kailier p.inthci-ii. s\stcm-. Mirh a- S|.i:io/ji'-. were 

 regularly axsailed under tin- name of atheism. Hut 

 tin- aiitii|iiit\ <if this IIHM|I> of lielicf i- undoubtedly 

 gn-Ai ; it i* nrevalent in one of tin- olde-r known 

 civilisation.- III tin- woil.l the Hindu. Tnougli it 

 niiiy dimly undcilie various |Milythei-l ic s\ stems, it 

 i- obviously in any definite hape a later develop 

 inent of thought than |>olvtheisni. and most )iroli- 

 ahly i>ri._'iiiated in the atlt-ni|it todivc-t tin- |H>pnlar 

 t-vsi<-iii r.| it.- ^lo IT features, und to yive it a form 

 tliat would -ati-fy the ii>i|uireineiit- of philosophi- 

 cal f>|>eciilation. Hindu panthei-ni .-t- ii/.-iixiiii.mi is 

 taught i-H|>is-inlly hy the I'pani-hads, the Vedatit;i 

 and YOJ.II philoophi<".. and hy tho-t- |>oetii-al works 

 which I-III)MK|V llic <l<K-tlilie- of tlie-e systems; for 

 in-!anec. the Mlia^-avad (lita, which follows the 

 Yo^-a doi'trine. It i- poetical and religious, rather 

 than M-icntilir. at least ill its pttlMaQMIQn but it 

 is Niilwtantially similar to the more logical forms 

 ilevelo|io<l in Kino|H-. The Hindu thinker regards 

 man a.- IKIIII into a \vnld of illusions and entangle 

 IIH-II!-. from which his ^n>at aim should be to 

 deliver him-elf. Neither sen-e nor reiison, how- 

 ever, i- c|hle of helping him ; only thron^li lonj,'- 

 rontiniicd, rigorous, ami holy rontemplatioii of the 

 Mipienie unity tltiahma) can he liecome enianci- 



]>ated liom the d ptive influence of phenomena, 



mid lit to apprehend that he and they are alike but 



evanencent IIIIH|CH of existence a u d hy that 



inlniiie. eUMiial. and niu-han;;cal>lc Spirit who is 

 all in all. Hindu pantlici-m i- thus spiritual in its 

 character; matter and ( Unite I mind arc Uitli alike 

 all-mix-.! in the I'athonile-s abyss of illimit.ihle and 

 al'-olulc iK-in^. Iliiildhisin I <|.v. ) denies or ignores 



the e\ii-ten )f (!IM|. but ill many modes of regard- 



iii^ tin- mmcr-" is rather akin to pantheism than 

 to aliMilnte atheism. Sulisni is a ]iiintheUt out- 

 growth of I-lam. 



. pantlni-m, lliontih it donhtlcHs ori^'inati'd 

 in the K.-ime wa\ a- that of India, ix at om-e more 

 \.ui-.i in it.- fiinn. and more ratiiM-inative in its 

 method of i \j... -in. in The philosophy of Anaxi- 

 ninnder may Ix- dcscrilied it- a system of athei-iic 

 ]ih\-i.-s or of inateiinlistic pantliei-m. .\enopliaiic-. 

 the fiiiinder of the Kleatic Scluxil (i|.v.), has been 

 held to IM- the lii-; i-la--ical thinkei who proinul- 

 ^.it'-l the higher or idealistic I'mni of |MUithcism. 

 Alcvaiidiian N< oplatoni-m is substantially pan- 

 thei-tic ; the iini>i-r-Jil rex-on and the woild soul 

 of iin-di:eval thinkers lune the same tendency. 



The Mo-nic account of the Creation (<|.v.) of 

 all tilings out of untiling by (HK| expressly excludes 

 any pantheistic co-mo^ony ; and Cliii-tian contro- 

 \en.ialiHt slrenuoii-ly aMtert against every form of 

 pant licj.ni that it invokes an aiitichristian thi'oiy 

 of the origin of Kvjl |c|.\-.), subverts the jiersoiiality 

 of (iml ami man. renders fn-e-H ill im|M>--il.li- i -ce 

 Wll.l. ). nnd destroy- all real moral responsiliility. 

 M.IIIV In-ic-iarcliK have IMH-II pantheists. (Inosti- 

 rioin in lia<Hl on an i---i-iitinlly panthei-tic doi-tiine 

 of ein.'iiiiition. I>ion\-iiis (ij.v.) the Areopa^ile 

 and S<-iitu- ! '!'.) wen- panthei-ts nitliin 



iirislinn fold; and the later Christian 

 (ij.v.) ban a highly jiant heist ic flavour 



(we F.CKIIAUT, BoKHMK). llrtino, Viinini, and 

 I'araci-lsu- were outspoken pantheists; mid theie 

 were vaiioiis minor pantheistic M-.-IS in the middle 

 agwi Spin. i/a is perhaps the ^reatc-t. certainly the 

 rigorous and prtH-ise of the whole class that 

 either the ancient or the modern world ha- seen. 

 Schelliii^ '- Natuie I'hilo-opliy pro|io-cd to limit the 

 iin-anin^ of the term p.-nitln-i-m to the doctiine of 

 the inimanence of all tiling- in Cod. but lea\ in^r 

 doubtful the precise seo|ie <if wliat wa- ii!> 

 by ininiancnce ; and some forms of lle^eliiinisin 

 aie directly panthei-tic in characu-r. Neither 

 Knylanil, France, nor America ha- produced a 

 single great jianlhei.-tic philosopher ; but there is 

 nn immense amount of pantheistic sentiment float- 

 ing almnt in the |x>etry, criticism, theology, and 

 even in the speculative thinking of these und all 

 European countries in the present 



See the articles on the thinker* mentioned, and those 

 on PHILOSOPHY, l:n H.MS, and THEISM; the works on 

 Pantheism by JUsche ( 1826-3:!), IMiliin<;r i Is.M i. \V,-i8en- 

 born (185'J), nd Driesenlwiv (lWli; Snisstt. Modern 

 J'Hiitlimm (Eng. trans. ]si,:;i ; l-Vllens, Le i'ant/f'iiiue 

 (1S73); Hunt, Paiithritm awl r/iriliiniiln( ISIIC,; 2d ed. 

 1884); Flint. Aiiti-Thrittic Thmriei (1877); Pluiuptre, 

 HMorg of Pantheum. (2 voU. 1H.S1 ). 



I'aittliron (Cr. iHin'lliri<iii\, a temple built in 

 a modilicd Corinthian style with a great vaulted 

 roof, dedicated to all the gods. The ' Poiitheon ' 



Half -section of Pantheon (from Fergusson). 



of Rome is the only ancient edifice in Home that 

 h.i- been perfectly preserved, and i- lighted through 

 one aperture in toe centre of its imi^nilicent dome. 

 It was erected by Agiip|>a, son-in-law of Augustus, 



27 B.C. III 610" it wa- i secrated a.s a church, 



and is known as Santa Maiia Uotonda. I'nder 

 l'o|>e Urban VIII. the architect Ilernini cn-ctcd 

 on it two little Cnmpaniles. called in deri-ioii his 

 'IUW'B ears.' .ludicioii- n-iorations were made hy 

 I'ius IX., and the ass's cars have been removed. 

 The chinch is used as a place of sepulture for great 

 Italians. The Pantheon at 1'aris. built in 17U1 us 

 the church of S.1 Ccncvirve, becanie famous a- the 

 mausoleum of famous men. From 1831 to 188o it 

 was again a church. 



I'nntlu-r. Sec LEOPARD. PI-MV. 

 PanlOKrnph. See PANTAGKAPH. 



