PA PAW 



PAPER 



wit limit stipules ; the flower* on long, one-flowered 

 talks. The fruit is pod-shaped or capsular, the 

 eeds numerous (Bee POI-I-Y). The order is di~ 

 tinguixhed for narcotic properties. Opium (q.v.) 

 - in.. -i iiii|uirt:iiit product. The juice of Cel- 

 andine (q.v.) U very acrid. The Blood-root or 

 Sanguinaria (n.v.) in another representative of the 

 order. A nnmW of species are used in their nut in- 

 countries for medicinal pur|x>so8. The seeds vivid 

 fixed oil, which, with the .-\.-.-pti.pn of tliat obtained 

 from Argrmone Sfexieana, in quite bland. The 

 flower* of many species are large ami showy, moat 

 frequently white or yellow, sometimes red. There 

 are in all alxmt 1.% known species, natives of all 

 quartern of the world, and of tropical and tcni|x-rate 

 climate*, but they abound moMt of all in Enro|ie. 



Papaw ( Carirn papaya ), a omall South Ameri- 

 can tree of the natural order Passilloraceie ( formerly 

 made the type of a small family, l'apay.i> 

 which has now been introduced into many MopiMJ 

 and subtropical countries. The fruit is aim 

 either raw or boiled. The seeds when chewed hare 

 in a high degree the pungency of cresses. The 

 powdered seeds and the juice of the unripe fmit 

 are most powerful antlielminticx. The juice of the 

 fruit and the sap <>f the tree render tough meat 

 tender (see PAPAIN); even the exhalations from 

 the tree have this property, ami joints of meat, 

 fowls, &c. are hung among its branches to pre]>are 

 them for the table. It Iteara fruit all the year, 

 and is exceedingly prolific. The Chumburu (C. 

 itiyituta), another species of the same genus, a 

 native of lirazil, U remarkable for the extremely 

 acrid and poisonous character of iis juice, ami the 

 di>giisting stcrcoraceous odour of its (lowers. In 

 the I'nitiil States the name I'apaw is e.iven to the 

 Arimina triloba, a small tree of the natural order 

 Anonacen-, the fruit of which, a large oval lx-rry, 3 

 inches long, with soft, insipid pulp, is eaten by 

 negroes, but not generally relished by others. All 

 parts of the plant have a rank smell. 



PapeilhurK. a small port in the north-west of 

 the province of Hanover. '2.~> miles \V. of Oldenburg 

 by rail and near the Ems, with which it in con- 

 nected by canal.s. Pop. 6910. In the neighbour- 

 hood are extensive moors. 



Paper. The earliest paper was doubtless that 

 made from Egyptian Papyrus (q.v.), whence all 

 cimilar writing material is named. Tin.' papMus 

 paper used to l>e descrilied ax Ix-ing made of the 

 thin j>ellicle* lying between the rind and the pith : 

 now it is known to have U-en iniule of slices of the 

 cellular pith laid lengthwise side by side, whereon 

 other layers were laid crosswise, the whole moi> 

 tened with Nile water, pressed and dried, and 

 smoothed by luting ruhlied with ivory or a smooth 

 shell. The papyrus paper was superseded in 

 Ktirope by paper of other librous matter gradually 

 Utw.-en the loth and llth ccnturiea (see PALAEO- 

 GRAPHY). At a remote, antiquity the Chinese 

 made paper of the Iwiit of a ipooUl mnlberry-trM, 

 of sprouts of IMIIII|HM>, and of Chinese gran (see 

 -ding to rang Mi Chili, author 

 ..' the Enryclopii-din Tuny-ya, the Chinese at first 

 wrote on MUaMO-boudl ; but for 300 years before 

 and after (,'hrist the usual writing material was 

 paper made of silk-waste, solidilied in some way 

 not daMribed. The inventtir of i.ip.T made of 

 vegetal. le libre was the staUwman Tsai Lun, born 

 in Kwej yang, in the province of Hunan, who in 

 88 A.D. wan in charge of the ini|-rial arsenals. 

 In 105 A.t). it is expressly testilied that he had 

 .-itliil in making paper of bark, of hemp, of rags, 

 and of old liliing-nel*. The governor of Samar- 

 kand, returning from a victorious ex|x-dition into 



China iu 7"l A.n. . brought liac-k a ngsl his 



prisoners of war artisans who enabled him to estab- 



lish a patter manufactory at Samarkand. II . 

 Persians learned the mystery, and soon weie 

 making paper of old linen cloths. The demand 

 rapidly increased, and new paper-works were at 

 work in 795 at Bagdad, where the niannfai-tiue 

 was carried on till the 15th century. Soon (uiper 

 making was practised in Damascus, Egypt, ami 

 along the north coast of Africa; and ere Ion;: 11 i- 

 paper, to which the names of yi//y;-iw and rlmrln 

 were transferred, was imported into Europe, where 

 it wa generally known as Charta Dtimasi 

 bombyriiin, cuttunea, and gottytrina. From the 

 latter adjectives it has currently been held that the 

 earliest paper was made of the pulii of crude cotton- 

 wool, and that this was only gradually superseded 

 by rag pulp. But the researches of \Viesner ami 

 Karabacek on 12,500 MSS. brought to Vienna fiom 

 the Kay Am in 1884 by Archduke Kainer have 

 proved that this is an error. There never was an\ 

 pajie.r made by Araljs from cotton-wool ; the cliiuin 

 ctttttinea was all made of rags, and called ' cottony,' 

 probably only from its resemblance to fine cotton 

 cloth. The first manufacture of rag paper in 

 Europe was in Spain under the Moors; in II. ".4 

 there was a mill at Jativa. But soon after traces of 

 paper-making are found in Italy, France, ami 

 (.iMinany. In England there is said to have tx-en 

 a paper-mill at Stevenage in Hertford in 1460, but 

 little is known of the history of paper-making in 

 England till about l.V>S, when there wa.s a well- 

 known mill at Dartford. Rag paper hod, however, 

 been commonly in use since the 14th century. 



The art of paper-making is one of the most use- 

 ful that has been invented, and paper has acqiiiied 

 a degree of importance with which it would not 

 have been credited in the 18th century. It has Ix-en 

 well observed that paper has contributed more 

 to the advancement of the human race than any 

 other material employed in the arts, and its manu- 

 facture constitutes an industry depending more 

 closely than any other on the march of civilisation. 

 Its uses are now beyond numtar ; the demand for it 

 is so general that it has become an article of prime 

 necessity, and one that is daily entering more and 

 more largely into the ordinary wants and ordinary 

 life of all classes. Large as the make of paper is 

 in the United Kingdom, it is not applied to so 

 manv and general uses as paper and paper- pulp is 

 in the United States, Japan, and some of tin- 

 European countries. In the paper trade, as in 

 other mechanical industries, there has Ix-en - 

 progress made in the last half-century. Chemists 

 and mechanics have each contributed their part. 

 The former have furnished improved methods for 

 washing, bleaching, and colouring the pa]x-r stork. 

 which must yield adiiferent moduct from what was 

 made by the anciente; while the mechanical im- 

 provements also have l>een many, both for boiling, 

 running out, drying, and linishing the pulp. 



The vegetable substances from which paper can 

 be made are innumerable, but the aillicultics 

 are to obtain them at a sufficiently low pi ire 

 to be used profitably and to secure a con 

 tinuous wipply. Many Ixioks and newspapers 

 have been printed entirely of one material, such 

 as bauilxK). straw, jute, "Phormnini r. //-</, m.ii/.e 

 leaves, esparto, &c. : at the Paris Exhibition of 

 1S89 a pajwr-maker showed more than sixty \\rl.~ 

 or rolls of pa|K?r, each made from a ilillennt 

 vegetable fibre. Books, again, have been pub- 

 lished which were cotn|x>^ ,1 ,,t several hundred 

 h-aves. all of a different fibre. In Japan a spe< 

 of mulberry os^er U grown specially for its bark 

 for paper-making. But the substances available 

 in Europe are few that can be had in quantity 

 at a low price. 



The multitude of vegetable fibres that have 

 been suggested for the use of the paper- maker U 



