PAPER 



741 



produce a glossiness of 

 surface, tor writing- 

 papers the paper passes 

 through a shallow 

 trough of size after 

 leaving the drying 

 cylinders, and then 

 passes over another 

 series of skeleton cylin- 

 ders, with fans moving 

 inside, by which it is 

 again dried without 

 heat, and afterwards 

 passes through the 

 calenders. Printing 

 and other papers are 

 usually sized by mix- 

 ing the size in the pulp, 

 in which stage the 

 colouring materials 

 such as ultramarine for 

 the blue tint of fools- 

 cap are also intro- 

 duced. Still following 

 the paper web in the 

 drawing (fig. 1), it is 

 seen to pass from the 

 calenders to another 

 machine, F ; this slits 

 the web into widths, 

 which are again cross- 

 cut into sheets, the 

 size of which is regu- 

 lated at will. In the 

 United States, for fine 

 book-work, the paper 

 receives a white coat- 

 ing after it has been 

 made ; it is the finish 

 thus given to the sur- 

 face that renders the 

 illustrations seen in the 

 best American nia S a - 

 zines possible. The 

 water - mark is im- 

 pressed on machine- 

 made paper by means 

 of a fine light-wire 

 cylinder with a wire- 

 woven pattern; this is 

 placed over the wire- 

 gauze sheet upon which 

 the pulp is spread, but 

 near the other end of 

 it, so that the light 

 impression of the 

 marker may act upon 



the paper just when it 

 ceases to be pulp, and 

 t lii- remains all through 

 its course. There are 

 many other interesting 

 points about the paper- 

 machine, but their in- 

 troduction here would 

 rather tend to confuse 

 the reader. Its pro- 

 ductive power is very 

 great ; it moves at a 

 rate of from '20 to 200 

 feet per minute, spread- 

 ing pulp, couching, 

 drying, and calendering 

 M it goes, so that the 

 stream of pulp flowing 

 in at one end is in two 

 minutes passing out 

 finished paper at the 



