742 



PAPER 



other. It has been computed that an ordinary 

 mnt-hint-, making wel* of paper 54 inches wide, 

 will turn out four miles a day. 



r /'rix/iirfioM of the World. The follow ing 

 is a tolerably accurate return of the na|>er mills of 

 Europe in 1890, and their annual production : 



..K ^ 



. 401 M 



a^^j~:: ::::::::::::: HW if. 



Auuo.Huii>r]r m J".w 



;.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'." 96 1S.OOO 

 1M 1 



i . . ff 



Siibartaid'.:":::^'.::::::":::::: M 



. 



SS.SOO 



.wo 



1 ..... ' 



Rotuwila and Greece 



is 



4 



1,000 



TBU1 ...................... > 1.0W.800 



Many of the mills may not be working, some pro- 

 duce" pulp only, and the vat-made paper is mended 

 in tin- estimate of production. Assuming 1 million 

 tons are made annually, this may be valued at 

 30,000,000, of which half U the prime cost of the 

 raw material. 



It is difficult to determine with any precision 



tli" quantity of paper now made, in the United 



Kingdom, as tin- manufacture is free from tax; 



but we may form a fair estimate by looking 



at the progress under the duty rate, and judging 



ef the advance since from the increased ex|>rts 



and the stimulus now given to production. The 



following are nUirial figures of the quantity 



of paper charged with duty before the alioliiiim 



of the Ux, whioli brought in 1,500,01)0. In 1842, 



43,166 tons; 1852, 70,000 tons; 1861, Kr2.4r.li 



tons. In 1851 Mr Poole, in his Statiitict of British 



Commerce, stated that there were then 437 paper- 



mills at work in tli- United Kingdom ; 349 in 



Kuglond, 48 in Scotland, and 40 in Ireland. The 



weight of pa|H?r made amounted to 62,000 tons ; 



tl ..... Minmtt-d value of which was 3,000,000. The 



number of mills in 1860 was 397 ; in 1870, 369. Mr 



W. Arnot, in his course of lectures on the 'Tech- 



nolo-\ (.1 tin- I'tt]<er Tratle ' before the Society of 



Arts in 1877, stated the number of paper-mills 



working in tin- United Kingdom at 385; of which 



300 were in Knghind, tV> in Scotland, and Ml in 



Ireland. The numlM-r of machines employed he 



gave at alxml .Vii. producing 350,000 tons of pa|>er, 



wliich, with ln,(NH) tons of hand-made, gave a 



total production of 300,000 tons. This qiiantitv lit; 



estimated to lie worth 16,000,000 sterling. TUl 



is, however, for too high an estimate, having 



regard to tin- depreciated prices resulting from 



the fall in value since 1880. The 400,000 Unix 



MI. id.- at the present time cannot be valued at more 



than 12.000,000. A uming the annual production 



of paper in the United Kingtlom at present to 1 



400,000 tons, the home consumption i- evidently 



large and progressive, for we only export in Uniks 



and pajxjr aTiont 57,000 tons, while we im|M>rt 



of writing OIK! printing p.-i|-i>, &c.. (10,000 tons. 



Newspapers, lunik-. ami periodical literature IIM 



up fully one-half of our total make. Schools ant 



public offices and eorre-|>oiideneo consume much ol 



the remainder, leaving l.ut little for wrapping. 



packing, ami otli<-r purposes. Judging from tin 



data adduced, tin- Hiiiish paper-manufacture has 



more than quadrupled since the abolition of the 



paper-duty. 



The exp 



paper has lieen rapidly progressive, as the figure* in 



xport trade of the United Kingdom in 

 s lieen rapidly progressive, as the figure* in 

 the following table will show ; the first of it- t\v< 



column* comprising writing paiM-r. printing-paper 

 and envelopes ; and the second all other kinds o 

 paper. 



PAPIAS 



Cwt. 



1870 . ...MO.C80 



MO ...W0.118 



'''' 



: ' '' 



<--0 



MU.OW 



The average price of paper, which in 1874 was 

 a.- high as 3, 2s. per cwt., has fallen as low as 

 30. iiercwt. The HiiiM-riority of the liiilish over the 

 continental manufacture has obtained for liritain 

 a steadily increasing business in tin- markeU of 

 Asia, South Amnica, and her Colonies. In 1879 

 In- value of the liritish iiajK-r of all kinds exported 

 was 915,925; in 1889 U was 1,002,075, even at 

 the much lower prices ruling. In I -Ml WM im- 

 ported of paper and pMteoo*rd of all kinds 

 J, 110,000 cwt., an increase of 1 million cwt. over 

 1882. 



In the United States equal progress has l*cn 

 made in the paper-manufacture as in Great 

 Britain. The first mill was established in 1690, on 

 ground now included within Philadelphia. In 1770 

 there were forty paper-mills in Pennsylvania, New 

 Jersey, and Delaware, and only three or four in New 

 England. In 1840 there were in tlie I'niled States 

 but 426 paper-mills; in 1850, 443; and in ISiio. 

 500, producing 60,000 tons ; in 1S72 there were sl-J 

 mills, owned by 705 firms, making 200,000 tons. 

 At present, with over 1000 paper-mills having 3000 

 machines, the quantity matte greatly exceeds that 

 of the United Kingdom ; the amount in some of 

 the lost years of the decade 1880-90 amounting to 

 over 1,200,000 tons. In the other parts of America 

 there are 85 paper-mills. In Asia there are 

 19 paper-mills, besides numerous vats; in Africa, 

 4 ; and in Australasia, 7 ; making a total of nearly 

 4500 mills in the world. The production of hand- 

 made papers in China and Japan it is impossible to 

 estimate. China has made great strides in her 

 exports of paper of all kinds. From aliout 75,001 

 cwt. a few years ago the export advanced to 237,000 

 CHI . in 1890, valued at 350,000. The greater part 

 of the paper now made in the world nt least three- 

 fourths is Ix-lieved to lie used for printing on, since 

 the correspondence carried on in many countries out 

 of Eurojie is comparatively small. 



There re works on pspcr nil paper-making by Hof- 

 mnn (New York, 1873), Mmis.-ll (New York, 1878), 

 Archer ( 1876), Uunbar (.1881 ), Parkinson 1 1S,-C,I. r. T. 

 Dvi (1886), and Crow and Bevan (1887). For old 

 water-marks dating from 1473, see Arrlialo>iia, vol. xii. 

 Fur ancient paper-making, see Hirth, Chinetitche Sttiditn 

 (1890), and Karabacek, Dot Arabitehe J'apier. WALL- 

 PAPER is the subject of a separate article. 



Pni>lllaK<nin> anciently a province of Asia 

 Minor, extending along the southern shores of the 

 Black Sea, from the Halys on the cost to the 

 I'arthenius on the west (which separates it from 

 Ilithynia), and inland on the south to (ialatia. 

 It- limits, however, were somewhat different at 

 different times, and it Miecessively belonged to 

 Lyilia, Persia, and Koine. Its capital was Sinope. 

 Tlie I'aphlagoiiians are snp]M>sed to have been of 

 Syrian or Semitic origin, like the Cappadocians. 



PaptlOS, two ancient cities in Cyprus. Old 

 I'aphos | now Jiyklia) was situated in tlie western 

 part of the island, about 1J mile from the coest. 

 It probably was founded by the PbcMdefaHM, : ml 

 was famous, even before Homer's time, for a temple 

 of Venus, who was said to have here risen from the 

 sea close by. whence her epithet Aplirmlilr, ' foam- 

 sprung.' 'This was the home of the ' I'nphian 

 \ runs,' and hither crowds of pilgrims used to come. 

 The other I'aphos (J'a/iho or lia/a) was on the 

 seocoast, about 8 miles west of the older city, and 

 was the place in which the apostle Paul proclaimed 

 the go- pel before the proconsul Sergius, 



Fnpins Hishop at Hierapolis, in Phrygia, in 

 the earlier half of the 3d century, is known to us 

 only from references by Ircnn-us, Kusel.ius, and a 



