744 



P API LION ACE.E 



PAPPEXHKIM 



of acid dissolves away the unprotected iiart*, and 

 then the interspaces are 111 Nil up with \.nni-li. 

 When the surface is rubbed witli pumice stone the 

 superfluous vnrnih U removed, and the shell orna- 

 ments displayed. In a similar way the mil-face 

 can be 'inlaid ' with cut-out metal devices. How 

 and landscape painting has also Ix-en much cm 

 ployed iii tin- wax i.f decoration, as well as borders 

 and other ornaments in leaf gold. Owing Id I lie 

 extensive importation in recent years of cheap 

 JapaneM lacquer wares (see LACyi'Kr), the Bir- 

 mingham manufacturers of papier-mache have now 

 largely resorted to an ine.x;|>ensive decoration by 

 transfer printing, which can 1 done by lx>ys ami 

 girl* instead of highly iwid artists. A change has 

 also taken place in the nature of the material 

 itself, which ha* recently Ix-en chiefly made of 

 wood-pulp fnuii Sweden. A limited quantity of 

 the iilil high class papier-mache, is, however, still 

 regularly manufactured. The variety of papier- 

 niAclic ailoptcd for architectural ornaments, which 

 are usuallx more or less in relief, can be readily 

 painted, gilded, or lironzed. The application of 

 papier-mache to articles requiring great strength, 

 such as wheels for railway carriages, lias not proved 

 so successful as was at one time anticipated. 



Papillonacea 1 (from Lat. wi/</7/, 'butter- 

 fly'), a sub-order of the natural order of plants 

 generally called Leguminosje (q.v.), the plants of 

 which have flowers of the ix-ciiliar structure called 

 jmjnlioiuuconi, and of which the Pea and Mean 

 afford familiar examples. PuflJoawwotU (lowers 

 have five petal-, imhrirated in estivation (bud), 

 one of which, called the rexillum, or standard, is 

 superior, turned next to the axis, and in estivation 

 folded over the rest; two, called tin- alir, or ///., 

 are lateral; ami two are inferior, which are often 

 united by their lower margin", forming the carintt, 

 or keel. The number of the Papilinnaceo* is very 

 great about 4800 species being known. They are 

 found in all |rt.H of the world, abounding in the 

 tropics. Many have super)) and Ix-autiful Mowers; 

 many are pla'nts of beautiful form and foliage, 

 . shrubs, or herbaceous plants; many possess 

 valuable medicinal properties; and many are of 

 inijMirtaiice a* furnishing food for man 

 and for domestic animals, others as furnishing 

 dves, fibre, timlicr, \-c. Sec BROOM, LABURNUM, 

 ' .11:. 1!> \v, I'EA, Lt'CEBNK, LIQUORICE, lN- 



DIOO, SA MIA [.WOOD, &c. 

 Papilla*. See SKIN, TASTE. 



I'npin. DEMS, a French physicist, was Ixtrn at 

 I'.lois, tiA August U',17, ami studied medicine in 

 Angers, where he practised for some time as a 

 physician. But, In-coming acquainted with liny- 

 genii, he helix-d him in his e\|.. i unrnt- with the 

 air-pump; then, crossing to England, he assisted 

 iJoyb 1 in his physical experiments, invented the 

 condensing pump and the steam digester (1081 ) a 

 ort of steam cooking apparatus, to which was 

 applied for the first time, a safety-valve and was 

 made a memlx-r of the Koval Society (1680). 

 Shortly afterwards he proceeded to Venice for the 

 purpose of helping to conduct a newly-founded 

 academy of science, lint was back in London in 

 1684. Three years later he was appointed pro- 

 feMor of Mathematics at Marburg, but from 1696 

 to 1707 worked in Camel. Then, returning to 

 England, he died in obscurity, probably in 171-'. 

 I ' ipiu In-loiig* the honour of having lirst applied 

 team ( 1690) to produce motion by raising a piston, 

 and with this lie combined the simplest means of 

 producing a vacuum Ix-neath the raised piston 

 viz. by condensation of aqueous vapour. In virtue 

 of this his biographer claims that he is really the 

 iincntor of the steam-engine. He is the inventor 

 of the safety-valve, an essential part of his digester ; 



of the siphon; and according to some, of steam navi- 

 gation. See Sun-in II.IMN<;, p. 402 ; also iM'.i - 



Hi* paper* were raoatly printed in the I'liilotopkiml 

 Traiaaeliuni, Aela Kruditorum, Journal dtt Sarat, 

 Ac. He lo wrote Xourrlltt Expirienetl </ I'ui./r 

 <rH, 1G74). 8m Live* by Krnuuf (Pmrii, 1*74) and 

 Oerland U'-rlin, 1S81 ). Hit oorrespondence with lluy- 

 gen* and LcibniU WM publislied bj Gtriaud (lierlin, 

 1HS1 ). See Xalart, vol. xiiv. ( 1X.S1 ). 



Paplnrnil, Loris JOSEPH, Canatlian states- 

 man, was born at Montreal in October 1789. At 



twenty he was elected to the Legislative .Wcmhly, 

 and speedily worked his way to the head of the 

 Kadical or Kn-nch Canadian I'arty, and in 1815 was 

 chosen speaker of the House of Assembly for 

 Lower Canada, a post that he held until 1- 

 He opposed the union of Upper and Lower Canada, 

 formulated the grievances and demands of his 

 party in the Ninety-two Resolutions, and agitated 

 actively against the imperial government. \Vhcn 

 the province rose in rebellion in 1337, a warrant 

 was issued against Papim-aii for high-trea-on. 

 though he took no active part in the fighting. He 

 escaped to Paris ; but returned to Canada, par- 

 doned, in 1847. He died at Montebello, in Quebec, 

 on 23d September 1871. 



I'apiiiianiis. yEMlLirs, down to the time of 

 .lu-iiiiiaii the most celebrated of the lioman ju: 

 lived at Home during the reign of Septimius 

 Sevenis, whose second wife is said to have lx-en 

 his relative. Both he and Septimius were pupils 

 of Scievola ; Papinianus succeeded the prince as 

 adwiitiix ji.u i, and afterward* held the olhVe of 

 prcefectus jiratorio. The son and successor of 

 Severus, Caracalla, caused Papinianus to be put to 

 death in 212. His works consist of 37 Ixxiks of 

 Unites, 19 of llesnonta, 2 of I>iJn<i/i<>Hcs, and 

 /it Atlnltiritti ; from tiiese works ."iCi excerpts were 

 incorporated in Justinian's Pantlctx. 



Pappcnhoiin, GOTTFRIED HEINRICII, CorxT 



vi IN. an imperial general of great note in the 

 Thirty Years' War, was liorn at Pnppcnhciin, in 

 Mi<ldie Franconia, Bavaria, 29th May \M4, of a 

 very ancient Swabian family, in which the dignity 

 of Marshal of the Empire became hereditary about 

 the 13th or 14th century, ami many of whose mem- 

 bers had greatly distinguished themselves in the 

 wars of the middle ages. At twenty he went over 

 to the Komaii Catholic Church, and thenceforth 

 signalised himself by his fiery zeal in its cause. 

 Alter serving under the king of Poland in his ware 

 with the Russians and Turks Pappenheim joined 

 the array of the Catholic League, and in the battle 

 of Prague (1620) stayed the flight of the Austrian 

 cavalry, and by a well-timed and furious charge 

 turned the tide of battle against the Bohemians. 

 In 1023 he received from the emperor the command 

 of a cavalry regiment of the famous ' 1'appenheimer 

 Dragoons.' In 1625 he became general of the Span- 

 ish horse in Lombard y ; but in 1G26 he re-entered 

 the Austrian service, and after suppressing a dan 

 ous revolt of the peasanta of Lpper Austria, in 

 which 40,000 of the peasants perished, lie joined 

 the army which was opposed to the Protestant 

 League, "and, in association with Tilly, carried on 

 m. my campaigns against the I lanes, Swedes, and 

 Saxons. It was Pappenheim who induced Tilly to 

 attack Magdeburg (<>. v. ). and on his head rest* in 

 great measure the guilt of the ferocious massacre. 

 His rcckle.xs bravery involved Tilly against his 

 will in the disastrous battle of Breitenfeld ; but to 

 some extent he retrieved his character by his heroic 

 etl'orU to remedy the loss and protect the retreat 

 of the army. After Tilly's death he nerved under 

 Wallenstein, who detaclied him with eight regi- 

 ments to protect Cologne, but, on hearing of the 

 advance of Gustavus, sent an urgent order for his 



