PARDOE 



759 



also used. Fine parchment and vellum are pre- 

 pared from the skins of kids, lambs, and young 

 calves. A coarser parchment for drumheads, tam- 

 bourines, &c. is manufactured from the skins 

 of male goats, wolves, and calves. A peculiar 

 kind is made from asses' skin, and for bookbinders' 

 use a parchment is sometimes prepared from pig- 

 skin. The early stages in the manufacture of 

 parchment are the same as for Leather (q.v.). 

 After being unhaired and cleaned, the skins are 

 stretched evenly upon a stout wooden frame called 

 a horse. The flesh side of the skin is first gone over 

 with a double-edged semicircular knife (fleshing- 

 tool) to remove adhering particles of flesh. With 

 the Heshing-tool inverted, to prevent any cutting 

 of the epidermis, the other side of the skin is then 

 scraped to remove dirt and to squeeze out some of 

 the absorbed water. For some purposes for which 

 stout parchment is required the skin is now merely 

 allowed to dry on the frame, no further treatment 

 being required. But fine parchment for writing or 

 drawing upon, some of which is made from split 

 skins, is sprinkled over with sifted chalk on the 

 flesh side and rubbed smooth with a flat surface of 

 pumice-stone. The grain side of the skin also is 

 rubbed over with pumice, but no chalk is used. In 

 these operations great care requires to be taken not 

 to fray the surface, and certain precautions are 

 necessary during the drying of the parchment. 

 Any considerable roughness or unequal thickness is 

 removed by the skin being again scraped and 

 pumiced. 



VEGETABLE PARCHMENT. This substance, which 

 excited much interest and curiosity when it was 

 first introduced, was patented by Mr W. E. Gaine 

 in 1853 (no. of specification, 2834). It is made by 

 dipping ordinary unsized paper for a few seconds in 

 concentrated sulphuric acid mixed with one-half its 

 volume of water, and then quickly removing all 

 trace of the acid. The mixture is allowed to cool 

 before being used. This simple treatment produces 

 a remarkable change in the paper. It acquires a 

 parchment-like texture ; turns translucent, especi- 

 ally when thin ; and becomes aliout five times 

 stronger than ordinary paper. Vegetable parch- 

 ment is also impervious to water, but is rendered 

 soft and limp when dipped into it. The acid pro- 

 duces a molecular change in the Cellulose (q.v.) of 

 which paper consists. A solution of chloride of 

 zinc acts on paper in a similar way. In the manu- 

 facture of vegetable parchment a roll of paper is 

 by a mechanical arrangement pulled through a vat 

 containing the sulphuric acid ( the time of immer- 

 sion being from live to ten seconds for thin paper), 

 next through water, then through a weak solution 

 of ammonia, and once more through water. It is 

 afterwards passed through felt-covered rollers, and 

 then calendered. Stout qualities of vegetable 

 parchment have been used for book-covers and for 

 writing deeds upon. Thin sheets of it serve as a 

 convenient material for tracing designs, plans, &c. 

 But it is now chiefly employed for covering jars of 

 preserves and for like purposes. 



Pardoe, JULIA, born at Beverley in 1806, 

 published poems and a novel in her fifteenth year, 

 and Traits and Traditions of Portugal in 1833. A 

 visit to Constantinople in 1836 led to her City of 

 the Sultan, Romanre of the Hnrem, and Beauties of 

 the Bosphorns. She next visited Hungary, and 

 wrote The City of the Mayyar, and a novel, The 

 Hungarian Castle (1842). A series of works dea 

 with' French history Louin XIV. and the Court of 

 France (1847), The Court and Reign of Francis I. 

 (1849), The Life of Mary de Medecis (1852; new 

 ed 1891 ) A Pilgrimage 'in Paris, and Episodes of 

 French History (1859). Others of her numerous 

 works are The Confessions of a Pretty Woman 

 Flies in Amber, The Jealous Wife, Reginald Lyle 



lady Arabella, and The Thousand and One Days. 

 She received a pension of 100 in 1859, and died 

 26th November 1862. 



Pardon, in Law, is the remission of the penalty 

 ntticted on an offender who has been tried and con- 

 victed, and is an act of grace rather than of justice. 

 The right should be used with great discretion in 

 rectifying an obvious miscarriage of justice, or 

 where, through the inevitable imperfection of all 

 !aws, individual cases or offences seem to be visited 

 with too severe a penalty. The power to grant 

 pardons has usually in all monarchical states been 

 regarded as the prerogative of the sovereign ; in 

 England a law of 1536 (Henry VIII.) expressly 

 denies to any other than the king the power to 

 pardon or remit treasons or felonies. In republican 

 countries the people is sovereign, but the pardoning 

 power is usually delegated to the head of the execu- 

 tive government for the time being. The United 

 States constitution gives the power to the president 

 to grant reprieves or pardons for offences against 

 the United States, except in cases of impeach- 

 ment ; and in all but seven of the states of the 

 Union the same power is conferred on the governor. 

 In Florida the pardoning power is vested in the 

 governor, the justices of the supreme court, and 

 attorney-general, or a major part of them ; in 

 Louisiana the governor pardons only on the re- 

 commendation of the lieutenant-governor, the 

 attorney-general, and the presiding judge of the 

 court which tried the case but only the general 

 assembly may pardon in cases of impeachment 

 and treason ; in New Hampshire and Vermont 

 the governor exercises the power with the aid of 

 the executive council ; and in New Jersey, Ohio, 

 and Pennsylvania there are boards of pardons in 

 New Jersey the board consists of the governor, 

 the chancellor, and six judges of the court of 

 errors and appeals. In Britain pardon may also 

 be granted by the supreme authority of the House 

 of Commons ; Acts of Indemnity (q.v.) are practi- 

 cally grants of pardon. The sovereign's power (if 

 pardon is at all times limited. Thus, he cannot 

 pardon certain offences specified by law (21 Geo. 

 III. chap. 49, excludes the power to pardon con- 

 victions for forms of Sabbath-breaking); the 

 king cannot pardon in a matter of private, as 

 opposed to public, wrong, though fines may be re- 

 mitted in such cases. The endurance of the 

 penalty is said to work out a constructive pardon ; 

 and the effect of pardon, constructive or other, is 

 to put the offender legally in the position of an 

 innocent man, so that he may proceed at law 

 against any one who thereafter calls him traitor 

 or felon. But civil rights are not overridden by 

 pardon ; the injured person may recover damages 

 from a pardoned offender. In modern times the 

 crown's prerogative is delegated, the crown acting 

 not personally but on the representation of the 

 home secretary, the secretary for Scotland, and the 

 lord-lieutenant in Ireland. The pardon is by war- 

 rant under the Great Seal, or under the sign-manual 

 countersigned by a secretary of state. To those 

 who have been unjustly convicted, their innocence 

 being sulequently proved, not merely is a free 

 pardon granted, but compensation may also be 

 allowed (see IMPRISONMENT). A notable case 

 of a free pardon long after the condemnation is 

 that of the Earl of Dundonald (q.v.). See also 

 INDULGENCE. 



PardllbitZ. a town of Bohemia, on the left 

 bank of the Elbe, 55 miles by rail E. of Prague, 

 has a fine 16th-century castle. Pop. 10,292. 



Par, AMBROISE, the father of modern surgery, 

 was born about the beginning of the 16th century, 

 at Laval, in the French department of Mayenne, 

 was trained at the Hotel Dieu of Paris, and in 



