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PAREGORIC 



PARENT AND CHILD 



1336 a* surgeon joined tin- army Martin;: fur Italy. 

 In a later campaign IP- improved the m..-:.- ..i tieat 

 incut of gunshot wounds, which liml up to this 

 time been of tin- most barbarous kind namely, 

 cauterisation with Uiiling nil. It was during this 

 campaign that lie*ulMtitut<l ligature of the arteries 

 for cauterisation with a red-hot iron after amputa 

 tinn. Many other iiii|Hirtant improvement* in 

 surgery were introduced by him at tlii- time. In 

 September 1532 he was appointed surgeon to Kim,' 

 Henry II., and afterwards to Charles IX. and 

 Henry I|I. He died at Paris, December -"-'. l.V.Kl. 

 Hi* writing*, of which the principal woo Cinij f.irre.1 

 d Cfiiruryit ( 1562 ), have exercised a great influence 

 on I lie practice of surgery in all countries. See 

 lion Paget, Ambroite Part and hit Times (\H1 ). 

 Paregoric, or PAREGORIC ELIXIR (from the 

 Gr. parfgoricot, 'soothing'), the l'<iiiij*innil Tine- 

 Inre o/Camohor of the British I'liarmaco]Hi>ia, con- 

 sists of an alcoholic solution of opium, IMMIZOJC arid, 

 camphor, and oil of anise, every fluid ounce con- 

 taining 2 grains each of opium and Iwnzoic acid, 

 and 1J grains of camphor. This preparation is 

 much nsed both by the profex^ion and the public. 

 In doge* of from 30 to 60 drop* it is an excellent 

 remedy for the chronic winter-cou^h of old people, 

 the opium diminishing the bronchial secretion and 

 the sensibility of the pulmonary mucous membrane, 

 while the bcnzoic acid and oil of anise act as stimu- 

 lating expectorant*. It has also been found useful 

 in chronic rheumatism, and, <>s]>ecially in the rase 

 of children, to relieve slight pains in the stomach 

 and bowels. 



Parrlra-Brava. a lofty climbing shrub in- 

 habiting the forest* of Peru and Brazil, which bears 

 bunches of oval berries resembling grapes. The 

 botanical source was for some time oWure, but 

 it is now known that the plant yielding the root 

 of commerce is the Chondodcnaron tomentosum 

 (ord. Menis|>.>rmacenj). The plant has a long branch- 

 ing woody root, of a yellowish to greenish brown 

 colour internally, and this has attained consider- 

 able reputation in medicine. The root contain* a 

 bitter principle, and i- used in chronic catarrhal 

 affections of the bladder ami in calculus. The 

 decoction and fluid extract an- most usually em- 

 ployed, but it is sometimes given in the simple 

 form of iiowder. -This medicinal root has )x-en 

 referred, but emmcously, also to the allied Cistam- 

 print narrint, a climbing shrub of the West huli,- 

 and Mexico, and to the Botri/opitin ]>lnti/ji/i 

 Ixith of which plants have roots possessing similar 



pro|MTtie. 



I'nrrlln. a name given to some of those crusta- 



- lichen- which are used to produce Archil, 



Cudbear, and Litmus, but which more strictly 



IK-', ,n-- t., ,. species, Lecnnnra fxirtlla, and the 



I- d or rriiiixin dye prepared from it. 



Parenchyma, a technical name for that kind 

 of vegetable tissue in which the component cells 

 are round ih or polyhedral, touching each other by 

 their broad face*, lilting more or lew closely, as in 

 the green 'palisade-parenchyma ' of the upj>er part 

 of a leaf, or leaving wide intercellular spares, as in 

 t he ' njiongv parenchyma ' of the lower part. See 

 . LK.VF. 



Parent and Child. The legal relation 

 between parent and child is one of the incident* 

 r>r connwriupncwi of the relation of husband and 

 wife, and flows out of the contract of marriage 

 The legal in to be distinguished from the natural 

 relation, for two persons may lie by the law of 

 nature parent ami child, while they are not legally 

 or legitimately >. Hence a radical distinction 

 << between natural or illegitimate and legiti- 

 ni.ito children, and thrir legal right* as against 

 their parent* respectively are very different. Legili- 



mate children are the children of two parents who 

 are recognised as married according to the lasnf 



the countrv in \\ hich they are d idled at the time 



of the birth ; and. according to the law of Knglaml, 

 if a child is illegitimate at the time of the birth, 

 nothing that can happen afterwards will ever make 

 it legitimate, the maxim being 'once illegiti:, 

 always illegitimate,' In Scotland, on the other 

 hand, a child l>orn of parents who were not mar- 

 ried at the time of the birth is made legitimate l>\ 

 their subsequent intermarriage. For a statement 

 of the law relating to illegitimate children, see 

 the articles BASTARD, AFFILIATION, LEGITIMA- 

 TION, and see also FAMILY, INFANT. 



As regards the maintenance of the child, it is 

 somewhat singular that, according to the law of 

 Kngland, there is no duty whatever on the parent 

 to siip|x>rt the child, anil consequently no mode of 

 enforcing such maintenance. The law of nature 

 "a- probably considered sufficient to supply the 

 motives which urge a parent to support the child, 

 but the municipal law of England has not mode 

 this duty compulsory. This defect was to some 

 extent remedied when the Poor Law was created 

 by statute in the reign of Elizabeth : by that law 

 parents and children are compellable to a certain 

 small extent, but only when they have the pecuniary 

 means to do so, to support cacti other, or rather to 

 help the parish authorities to do so. But apart 

 from the poor law statutes there is no legal obliga- 

 tion on the parent to support the child, nor on the 

 child to support the parent. Hence it follows that, 

 if the child is found in a destitute slate, and is 

 taken up, fed, clothed, and .saved from starvation 

 by a stranger, it is questionable whether such a 

 stranger can sue the parent for the expense, or any 

 pait of it, however necessary to the child's exist- 

 ence. In order to make the father liable for main 

 tenance there must in all cases be made out 

 against him some contract, express or implied, by 

 which he undertook to pay for such expense : in 

 other words, the mere relationship between the 

 I'.-irent and child is not of itself a ground of lia- 

 bility. But when the child is living in the father's 

 house, it is always held by a jury or court that 

 slight evidence is'siillicicnt' of. at least, an implied 

 promise by the father to pay for such expenses. 

 For example, if the child o'rder clothes or pm- 

 > isions, and the father see these in use or in process 

 of consumption, it will lie taken that he assented 

 to and adopted the contract, and so will lie hound 

 to pa.y for them. So, if a parent put a child to a 

 boarding-school, very slight evidence of a contract 

 will be held fmllirien! to fix him with liability. 

 Nevertheless, in strictness of law, it is as ncces-aiy 

 to prove a contract or agreement on the part of the 

 parent to pay for these expenses as it is to fix him 

 with liability in respect of any other matter. If 

 a child be put under the care and dominion of an 

 adult person, and the latter wilfully neglect or 

 refuse to feed or maintain such child, whereby the 

 child dies or is injured, such adult will incur the 

 penalties of misdemeanour: but this offence does 

 not result from the relationship of parent and child; 

 it may arise lictween an adult and child in any 

 circumstances, as where a child is an apprentice or 

 servant. If a parent runs away and deserts his 

 children, leaving them destitute and a burden on 

 the parish, the overseers are entitled to seize and 

 sell his goods, if any, for the lienelit and mainten- 

 ance of such children : and if the parent so desert- 

 ing the children lie able by work or other means to 

 suji|>ort them, such parent may he committed to 

 as a rogue and vagabond. Not. only, there- 

 foie. i- a parent during life not bound to maintain 

 liis or her child (with the above exceptions), but 

 after the parent's death the executors or other re- 

 presentatives of the parent, though in possession of 



