PARKERSBURG 



PARLIAMENT 



771 



congregation of three thousand at the Meloileon 

 and Music Hall, l>esides incessantly writing for the 

 press on social and theological questions. He 

 lectured also throughout the States, and plunged 

 with characteristic enthusiasm into the anti-slavery 

 agitation. In the midst of his work he was attacked 

 in 1859 with bleeding from the lungs, and made a 

 voyage to Mexico, whence he sailed to Italy, only 

 to die at Florence, May 10, 1860. His lectures, 

 sermons, and miscellaneous writings have been 

 collected and published in America and England, 

 and reveal vast learning, keen spiritual insight, 

 .I'ith great force of argument and felicity of illus- 

 tration. Yet the thought is neither clearly de- 

 fined, profound, nor always self-consistent, while 

 the form is usually far inferior to the content. 



The English edition of his works was edited by Frances 

 P. Cobbe (12 vols. 1863 << *rq. ). There are Lives by Weiss 

 (2 vols. Boston, 1864), Frotbingham (New York, 1874), 

 Dean ( Lond. 1877 I, and Frances E. Cooke (3d ed. Boston, 

 1889). See also vol. i. of Martineau's Essays, liecicws, 

 and AMretta (1890). 



Parkcrsblirg, capital of Wood county, West 

 Virginia, on the Ohio River (here crossed by a 

 railway bridge 1J mile long), at the mouth of the 

 Little Kanawha, 195 miles by rail E. by N. of 

 Cincinnati. The city has a large trade in petroleum, 

 and contains live great oil-refineries, besides chemi- 

 cal works, luml>er-mills, and manufactories of 

 furniture, barrels, &c. Pop. ( 1900) 11,703. 



Parkes, SIR HENRY, K.C.M.G., an Australian 

 statesman, was IMIITI the son of a yeoman at Stone- 

 leigli, Warwickshire, in 1815, emigrated to New 

 South Wales in 1839, and at Sydney became 

 eminent as a journalist, editing The Empire from 

 1849 to 1856. A member of the colonial parliament 

 in 1854, he held various government offices and 

 liecame prime-minister in 1872, was repeatedly 

 head of the ministry, and was identified with free 

 trade. He was at the Colonial Conference in 

 London in 1887, and president of the Australian 

 Federation Council. He died 27th April 1890 See 

 his Fifty Years of the making of Australian History 

 ( 189-2), which is largely autobiographical. 



Parkesine. See CELLULOID. 



Parklllirst* JOHN, an English biblical scholar, 

 was liorn at Catesby in Northamptonshire in June 

 1728. He was educated at Rugby and at Clare 

 Hall, Cambridge, and took orders, but soon after 

 retired to his estate at Epsom to give himself to 

 study. Here he died, March 21, 1797. In 1762 

 appeared his principal wmk, A Hebrew and Enrjlish 

 Lexicon, without Points, a very creditable perform- 

 ance for its time, and long a standard work, 

 although disfigured by its fanciful etymologies. 

 Of course it is now entirely superseded. Park- 

 hurst also wrote a treatise (1787) against l)r 

 Priestley, to prove the divinity and pre-existence 

 of Jesus Christ. 



I'iirkniaii. FRANCIS, historian, was born in 

 Boston, Massachusetts, 16th September 1823, 

 graduated at Harvard in 1844, next studied law 

 for two years, then travelled in Europe, imd 

 returned to explore the Rocky Mountains. The 

 hardships he endured among the Dakota Indians 

 seriously injured his health, yet in spite of this 

 and defective sight Parkman worked his way to 

 recognition as a historical writer on the period of 

 rise and fall of the French dominion in America. 

 His 1 >ooks are The California and Oregon Trail 

 (1849), The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851), Pioneers 

 <if France in the New World ( 1865), Jesuits in North 

 America ( 1867), La Salle and the Discovery of the 

 Great West (1869), The Old Regime in Canada 

 (1874), Count Frontenac and New France under 

 Lovit XIV. (1877), Montealm ami Wolf (1884), 



and A Half-Century of Conflict (1892). Died 

 November 8, li>'J3. 



Parlcilient, the name applied in France, down 

 to the Revolution, to certain superior and linal 

 courts of judicature, in which also the edicts of 

 the king were registered before they became laws. 

 Of these the chief was that of Paris, but there were 

 no fewer than twelve provincial parlements, at 

 Toulouse, Grenoble, Bordeaux, Dijon, Pau, Metz, 

 Besancon, Douai, Rouen, Aix, Rennes, and Nancy. 

 These, though not actually connected with that 

 of Paris, invariably made common cause with it 

 in' its struggles with the royal power. The parle- 

 ment of Paris dated from the 14th century, and 

 already consisted of three chambers, the Grand 

 Chambre, the Chambre des Eiiqiietes, and the 

 Chambre des Requetes. 15y 1344 it had grown in 

 numbers and power, and consisted of 3 presidents 

 and 78 counsellors, of whom 44 were ecclesiastics 

 and 34 laymen. In 1467 Louis XI. made the coun- 

 sellors irremovable. Its influence grew during the 

 16th century, and it now began to find courage to 

 deliberate on the royal edicts as well as merely 

 register them, which the king could always force 

 them to do by coming in person and holding a 

 'lit de justice' (see BED OF JUSTICE). Neither 

 Richelieu nor Louis XIV. permitted such discus- 

 sion of their edicts, and both the Regent Orleans 

 and Louis XV. followed their policy. The latter 

 exiled the members from Paris in 1753 for their 

 interference in the struggle between the Janscnists 

 and the Jesuits, and in 1770, on the advice of 

 Maupeou, abolished the old parlemcnt altogether 

 and established the Parlement Maupeou. Louis 

 XVI., however, recalled the former counsellors. 

 These in the last days of their existence were 

 grouped as follows : The Grand Chambre, with 

 10 presidents and 37 counsellors, of whom 12 were 

 clerics ; the three Chambres des Enquetes, each 

 formed by 2 presidents and 23 counsellors ; and 

 the Chambre des Requetes, in which sat 2 presi- 

 dents and 13 counsellors. 



Parley, PETER. See GOODRICH. 



Parliament ( Low Lat. parliamentum or par- 

 lament urn; Fr. purlcmcnt, from parlor, 'to talk'), 

 a meeting for conference and discussion (see PAR- 

 LEMENT). In England the name of parliament 

 has been given since the 13th century to the Great 

 Council of the realm the national assembly which 

 succeeded to the powers exercised by the Witena- 

 gemote in Anglo-Saxon limes. Under the influence 

 of feudal ideas the Great Council became the high 

 court of parliament. As the manor had its courts 

 in which the lord met with his tenants, so the king- 

 dom had its high court, in which the king met with 

 the different estates or orders of his subjects, and 

 conferred with them as to the enforcement of the 

 good customs of the realm. At first the king 

 claimed to exercise a measure of arbitrary discre- 

 tion in issuing his writs of summons to parliament ; 

 but before the end of the 13th century it was settled 

 and clearly understood that parliament should 

 always consist of duly qualified representatives of 

 the three estates of the realm the Clergy, the 

 Lords, and the Commons. The notion that the 

 three estates are King or Queen, Lords, and Com- 

 mons is a modern misconception. 



The Three Estates The C'/en/y. The clergy were 

 represented by the Lords Spiritual, the bishops, who 

 sat among the Lords by virtue of their office. At 

 one time proctors representing the lesser clergy sat 

 among the Commons ; but the clergy gave up this 

 right in order to manage their own affairs in Con- 

 vocations (q.v.). When Convocation gave up its 

 right of taxation clergymen were permitted to vote 

 in the election of members of the House of Com- 

 mons. It would hardly be correct to say that the 



