FAKKY 



FAKSKKS 



Inlet, and Wellington Channel, and 

 wintoi.-d in Melville Island, Inn hi- attempt in 

 the -prill;: to reach llehrin;: Si tail wa frit-Mated 

 liv llu- Hint.- of the ice; (.'<) fnini May IvJI to 

 Noteinlier IvJ.'i lie was ayain at the head of an 

 expedition, which, |IO\VI>VIT. a, hit-veil little; (4) 

 a fourth voyage in 1SJ4 -'-'. had a like result : (~>t 

 hi- ln-t is an attempt (IS'27) to reach 



the North I'ole on sled;;es by way of Siiiizlterncn 

 in which lie was >t( course MlMMMHfaL After hi 1 * 

 retiiHi home from hi* second ex|>cdition he wax 

 awarded the i'.~.<HiO which |>nrlianieiit had oHeie.l 

 to the navij.Mtor who tirnt crossed 110 \V. hinj;. 

 In Isi't he was aj>|toimc.l bydraglMlMf to the 

 navy ; in IS'Jil wan knighted, nlonj; \viih Sir .lohn 

 Franklin; ainl in 1S.17 was made comptroller of 

 a department of the navy. In IS4ti he retinil, 

 accepting the ]i-t of Mporinlmdwit of Haslar; 

 in I-.VJ he w;u< lai-ed to the nink of rear-admiial, 

 and in the following year was appointed jjovernor 

 of (ireenwich l|o-iiiial, an ollice which lie held till 

 hi- death, sih July ls.V. at Km- in Cernmny. A 

 collected edition of his voynu'es was published in 

 : (Lond. 5 vols. ). See Life hy Ills son. Rev. 

 F.dward Parry (Oxford, 1SJ7). 



I':r-T- ./.*, ' |>co|>le of Pars or Pars ' i.e. 



ancient IVi-ia: sometimes called Oitebre*, q.v.) is 

 the name of the small lemliant of the follower- of 

 the ancient IVt-ian religion, us established or 

 reformed l>y Xoroa-ster ( Xarathiistra or Xerduaht). 

 The relation in which /oroast.-r stood U> the 

 ancient Iranian faith and his date have Wn much 

 debated ; t.'ie very fact of his histoiical existence 

 \i-.\- even l>cen denied ; and accordingly it is diffi- 

 cult to dogmatise on the original |>rinci|des of the 

 XoroaMtian faith. The-e i|iie-tioiis arc more fully 

 discii-sed under Xilti).\sTKIt and /KND-AVESTA 

 (see/KXi>). It lion been alleged that at first the 

 doctrine was a pure Monotheism ; that /or. 

 taught the existence of hut one deity, the Alinra- 

 Ma/.lao (Ormu/d), the creator of all thin;.'-, to 

 whom all j,'ood things, spiritual and worldly, be- 

 lon^'. The principle of his speculative philosophy, 

 on the other hand, was dualism : there Ix'in^' in 

 Ahnra-Ma/dao two mimeval causes of the real 

 and intellectual world the Vohu Mano. the (iood 

 Mind or Ueality ((lava), aiul the Akeni Mano, 

 or the Naught ' Miml' or Non-reality (Ajyi'iiti). 

 linly, however, the pure idea of M.iiinlln- 

 i-in. it it ever exi-ied. did not lonj; prevail. The 



two-id>-nf AhliniMa/di'lo's IMMIIJ; were taken to 

 ! two di-tinct spirit-, Ahnra MawlAo and At 



lyii-h (Ahriman), who represented (ioiHl and 

 Kvil i;,.,l ainl Ih-vil. These each took their due 

 iiliu-i- in the I'ar-ee pantheon ere long, and Parsiam 

 became a charactcii-iic dualism. 



The Zoroastrian < -reei| llourishe.1 np to the 

 lime of Alexander the (neat, throughout ancient 

 It.un.i. including l'p|>er Tilx-t, Soj-diana, ' 

 triana. Media. I'er-i-. iVe. ; hut after AliAandi-r's 

 death it ^tadii.illv lout jtround, rapidly deelined 

 under Inn nuccfMora, and under the" Arsacida- 

 wan niiirh depn-sw^l. (In the estahlishmcnt of 

 the Sahsanimis (-212 A.D.), a native IVt-ian 

 dvnn-ty, l,y Anhu-hir ( Arta.xerxe), the Hint act 

 of the new Kiti^' wits the e.i'iicral and eomplete 

 restoration of the partly lost, partly forgotten 

 InMikn of /erdnsht. Wblell he ellected. it i- n-laled. 

 ehielly throiiL'h I he inspiration of a Ma^-i.-m v 



. n ."it ..I -10.1*10 Mafi. The sacnsl voli s 



were tnuislated out of the original />nil into the 

 vctnociilar and di <'ininated aiming the people at 

 lin^'e. and lire temph-s were re.ue.l throughout 

 the length and l.readth of the land. The Mai 

 orprie-ts weie all |H)werfnl. ami their hatred was 

 directed principally against tli. . Kar too 



\idashir. the kin^', to nil the pro- 

 vinci-s of the |Vr-inn empire, 'for more than liie 



hundnil years, has the poison of Aristotle spread.' 

 The fallal icisin of the prie-t.- often also found vent 

 a^ain-l Clni-li.'ins and lews. The hitler have left 

 account of the t\ ninny and oppression to 

 which they a.- nnlielicvei- \\.-i. i-\po-ed Mich a- 

 tin prohil.it ion of lire and lijrht in their houses 

 on Persian fast diiy-, of the slaughter of animals, 

 the l.aih- of purilication, and the hurial of the 

 ileal according to the .lewi-h rites - proliihiiions 

 only to lie lHMij,'lit otl' l.y heavy hnlit-. In return 

 the Ma^i were cordially linted hy the .lews; hut 

 later we frequently lind .lewish -a^es on terms of 

 friendship ainl conlidence \\ith some of the s 

 ian kind's. From the perio<l .it it- ! c-iahlishmcnt 

 the Xoioa-tiian religion nourished uninterruptedly 

 for ahout 4<HI yeais. till in CM I A.I)., at tin- 

 hattle of Nahavand (near Ecbatana), the Persian 

 army under Ye/.lejird was routed hy the calif 

 Omar. Thermit mas.- of the population \\a- con- 

 vened to the Mohammedan faith : the small rem- 

 nant lied to the wilderness of Kliorassaii, hut were 

 subjected, as nii^ht I.e e\pecte<l, to severe oppression 

 and persecution. Some nine thousand '(Juehres 1 

 are still found ill Persia, mainly in Ve/.d, Kerinan, 

 and at Teheran. Otheis. \\lio preferred eini^ratinn 

 to the endless tribulations inflicted upon them hy 

 the OO&qoeriug lace, found a resting -place alon^ 

 the western coast of India, chiefly at lioinhay, 

 Surat, Aliiuednha<l, and the vicinity, where ihey 

 now live under Kn^lish rule, and ai. 

 as one of the most resjieelahle and thriiiii 

 tions of the community, hein^ for the most part 

 merchants ami landed propiietors. Par.-ee ti:id.-is 

 have also settled at Calcutta. Madra-. Aden, Xan- 

 /ihar, in liiirma, and in China. They hear equally 

 with their poorer brethren in Persia the highest 

 character for hone-ty, industry, and peacefnine--, 

 while their benevolence, intelligence, and ma^niii- 



cence outvie that of most of their Kuropean lellow- 

 suhjeets. Their general appearance is to a certain 

 device prepos-essin^', and many ot their women an- 

 strikingly hcautiful. In all civil matters they are 

 subject to the laws of the country they Inhabit ; 

 and its lan^ua^e is also theirs, except in the ritual 

 of their religion, when /end, the holy hn. 

 is used hy i he priests, who as a rule, however, 

 have no more Knowledge of it than the laity. 

 They are forward to embrace the advantages of 

 Kn^lish education, and not a few have studied law 

 in Kn^land. Conspicuous amon^-t Patsee mer- 

 chant-princes was Sir .lamsetjee .lejeehhov (q.v. ). 

 Iii |s;i| there were s(i,!Ki( Par-ee- in llriti-'li India, 

 two-thirds of them in Komhav city. 



We have spoken of the leading fundamental doc- 

 trines an laid down by their prophet. Paise.- do 

 not eat anything cooked by n person of another ie- 

 li^'ion ; they also ohjeei lo heel and pork, especially 

 to ham. Marriages can only he coiitracled with 

 pei-ou- of their own ca-te and creed. Polygamy, 

 except after nine years of sterility and consequent 

 tli\orce. is forbidden. Fornication and adultery 

 an- punishable with death. Their dead are not 

 buried, but exposed on an iron unit inn '" the 

 Daklima, or Tower of Silence, to the fowls of the 

 air, to the dew, and to the MIII, until the llesh ha- 

 di-appeared, and the bleaching bones fall through 

 into a pit iH-neath, from which they are afterwards 

 removed to a subterranean cavern. 



Aliura Ma*dfto lieiii^' the origin of li^'hl, his 

 symlMil is the sun, with the moon and the planets, 

 and in default of them the lire. Tcmplo and 

 altars must for ever lie fed with the holy lire, 

 brought down, according to tradition, from heaven, 

 and the sullying of whose (lame is punishable with 

 death. The priests them-ehe- approach il onlv 

 with a half-mask over the face, and never toucli 

 it but with holy instrument*, lint however great 

 the awe felt by Pursees with respect to fire and 



