I'ASTM.LK 



PASTORAL rOKTRY 



victim" l splenic fever. l>ccause tin- teni|ierattirn 

 of tlii-ii blood i- too high fur llic prospoiity of the 

 germ, nmy serve an a rlmractciiMic illustration. 

 Pmwiiig fniiii splenic fever to fowl cholera, Pasteur 

 ibOWMtluU i' nil. il.' the viru- 



lence of injiirioii- micro organisms by e\|i>siire to 

 air, liy variety of culture, nrliy transmission through 

 \aiioiis animals. He thus ' In ...... I ' tin- luu-illus of 



splenic fever, ami demonstrated by a memorable 

 experiment that sheep anil rows ' \ar.-imited ' with 

 tin- attenuated bacilli were proiectod from the evil 

 results of a Mil.s.-.|iient inoculation with I ho virulent 

 virus. Pasteur's siilseo,ucnt researches in reganl to 

 Hydrophobia (ij.v ) fire iliseiis.se.1 in that article, 

 contributed t<i this work l>y himself. He wrote 

 iKHiks on most of t lie s| H >rial researches and dis- 

 coverics by which lie em i. -lied science anil In-nefitetl 

 liuinanity. He iliiil -JMh September l.S!*i, and was 

 trail-idle.! fniiii a teiii|Mirary resting-place to a tonili 

 in the Po-stem Institute on'-.f.th DereiiiU-r 1896. 



SM Livea of Pasteur ( who was a devout Catholic) hv 

 hi* son-in-law (trans. 1885), Itoumand (IWNil. Vallery- 

 Kailot, anil DucUux : anil an English Life by Mr and Mrs 

 Percy Krankland (1898). He contributed molt of the 

 article H YiniiiriioiiiA to thi* work. 



Pastille, usually an aromatic paste or mixture, 

 such as fuinigntintj jtaatiUcs, which are burned 

 either OH incense or as a means of diffusing an agree- 

 able odour. They are composed of charcoal |>wder, 

 with such aromatic ^'iiins as benzoin, ladanuni. iVc., 

 and powders of sweet-scented woods and barks, as 

 Muidaln-ood. cinnamon, and especially cascjirilhi 

 hark-. Iv-.'iitial oils are also added, and the 

 whole are worked into a paste with a little puin- 

 iiiucilage. and fninied into small sharp-pointed 

 cones iiUnit an inch and a half liijjh. anil iialf an 

 inrli liriNii! at the base. \Vhen perfectly dry they 

 are used by li/htiiif; at the point, and M they burii 

 down an a^ieeahle o.lonr is Driven out with the 

 Kinok>-. Another kind of pastil].-, usually in the 

 form of a small pill covered with ;;old or silver leaf, 

 i- used for |MTtiimiiiK the breath; it is mode of 

 Minilar bgndinta, exceptiiix the charcoal. 



l';is|o, a town in the Ronth-west of Colombia, 

 in a fertile valley 8:{.">0 feel aho\e sea level. Almve 

 it ris.-s the volcano of 1'asto ( 14. <HH) feet almve the 

 (tea): and in lv.'7 the town \\.-us destroyeil by an 

 eartlu|uake. It manufactures cloth. Pop. 10,000. 



Pas to n LftU'rs. a collection of over a thou- 

 sand letter* and papers, niosilv written bv or to 

 j.ai tieular inemlN-rx of the Norfolk family of 1'aMon, 



, 



and foveiin^ almost the whole 15th century ( 1422- 

 1WW). They are of e-|.ecial valm- as i:i\in^' a 

 j;liiii|wc into the life of Kn^land during the \\.ns 

 of the i;..ses. The familv tKik it name from the 

 v i" "ii, near tiie sea, aliout 20 miles N. 



of Norwich, and gradually urew upwards out of 

 ndition of the .-mallei -entry of Noifolk. 



ni.iM famous inemlMMs wen- \\illiam I'asioii. 

 .lu-iir-e of Common Pleas un.ler Henry VI. ; hi.s 

 son .lohn. exi-eutor to the famous Sir .lohn Kastolf ; 

 -nt 1'n.ston, a brave sailor under Menu VIII. 

 Sir Bobeit Pa-Mon. i-reated under Charlw I. first 



Hint, then Km I, of Varniouth. Ilisson \\'illiftin 

 maiiied |,udy Charlotte IJoyle. nn illegitimate 

 daughter of Charles 1 1., but with him the main 

 line and the title Wame extinct. It won dm- to 

 th" extnivapince of the loot that the letters were 

 will] to Peter L Neve, from whom they p.. 

 into the hands of 'honest ' Tom Martin of Paly 

 and eventually of Sir John r'emi, who edited a 

 election in two .pianos j n 1787. The editor pre. 

 Rented the oripnaU of thene to the kin-;, and was 

 knighted, but these original* have finee strangely 

 disappearod. Volume* iii. and iv. followed iii 

 1789; vol. v. posthuinoiisly, edited by Mr Serjeant 

 Frere, in 1823. The orifinaU of vol. v . were di- 



covered at Mr Serjeant r'reie's house at Ihin^ 

 Caniluid^esliire. in IM15; those of iii. and iv. 

 Ion;; missing, but the whole '-.'.'n \vne dis- 

 I in 1^7"> at the family mansion of the I- 

 ai 1,'oy.lon Hall near 1 >iss, together with ninetv five 

 unpublishc'd letters of the same period, described 

 in MrtJaiidnei's third appendix. These 311 let 

 wen- ollered for sale in a London auction-room ill 

 1888, but failed to tin, I a purchaser at 500 guineas. 



There a an admirable edition of the I'aston Letters by 

 .lames Uairdiier in Ailx-r's 'Annotated KeprinU' (Svola. 

 I>7J 4-S). It contains double an many letters an sir 

 John Fenn's, anil, moreover, the letters are here f<.r the 

 first time urrang.'il in chronological order. Mr Gairdncr'i 

 answer (f\,rt. ft: riew. No. 11) to Herman Men vale's 

 attack on the authenticity of the 1'anton Lettera (f'urt. 

 J!i n, (.-, No. 8) was completely satisfactory. 



Pastor ( 1'nxtut: rosetis), a l.e;iiitiful bird allied 

 to the starlings. It is a native of the plain- of 

 Western Asia, winters in India, and si rays even to 

 north west Kurope. The greenih-blek 



Pastor (l'utor 



is relieved by pink nlmnt the shoulders and some 

 other parts. The bird is a welcome enemy of 

 locusts, and the name probably refers to its habit 

 of following flocks of sheep. 



Pastoral E|>ist>s. See BIBLE, VoL II. p. 



124 ; and the article TIMOTHY AM) TlTUS. 



Pastorales. See MASQUES. 



l'.-|s|(>T-;il Lrttcr. a letter addressed, either at 

 certain stated times or on the occurrence of some 

 notable occasion, by a 'pastor,' but especially by a 

 bishop, to the clergy under his jurisdiction, to the 

 laity of his (lock, or to both. 



Pastoral Poetry professes to delineate the 

 scenes and incidents ot shepherd life. As an 

 attempt to realise an imaginary and highlv 

 Idealised state of society it is a completely arti- 

 licial form, and it has already disappeared from 

 literature, never to lie revived. The delightful 

 Iioisetshire poems of liarnes exhibit, the only 

 natural method in which paMoral society can give 

 subjects to modern poetic art. The pastorals of 

 our modern literatures are essentially a humanistic 

 revival of the Creek /<//// of Thcivcritus, llioii. and 

 Moselius. and the Latin ccliHfiir of Virgil, and first 

 made their appearance in Tuscany in the Kith 

 tury. The earliest dramatic- pastoral is the I'm-nln 

 lii Orfeo of Politian. jiei formed at the court of 

 Mantua in 147'2. but the h'rst complete pastoral 

 was Agostino Iti-cciiri's comedy, // Sin-riftzin, 

 plnyeil at Ferrara in 1A54. Its' finest and most 



famou- si ssors were the Amintn of Tasso, 



repretented at the court of Ferrara in I,")7.'t. and 

 (iiiarini's J'ttxtiir Fiiin. The earliest non-dramatic 

 pastoral was G. Sannazaro's Arcadia (lf>04), which 

 through Sidney's famous romance with the same 

 title exorcised a great influence upon Knglish litera- 

 ture. In Spain the pastoral nourished during the 



