PASTURE 



PATAGONIA 



Italian), crested dog's-tail, and smooth-stalked 

 meadow grass. 



(6) The slioit lived coiii|Kinents should not cover 

 more than one third of the whole laud. 



According to these principles, a mixture suitable 

 for a wet clay might !* proportioned as follows : 

 Ana of the hud to be covered by cloven. Ml par cent : 



RMelorer 6 per cent. I Whilr clover S per cent. 



AUke dowr. 6 .. | Bird'a-foot trefuil.,.6 ., 



Ana to be corerrd by ihort-lived graaaea, to per cent : 



Timothy It percent I Perennial ryegna,...6 percent. 



Area to be covered by permanent graeeiii, 40 per cent : 



Ovk't-fnot to percent. Roojcu-ntalked meadow 



' low few-tie ...IS ,, - In per cent. 



The jiercentage area of land to be occupied by 



ench component being determined and known, the 

 percentage nnnilx'rs have to lie translated into 

 (Hinnd- of seed |>er acre. To get the number of 

 |Hiunds corresponding to these areas the covering 

 iK>\ver of each kind of seed used must be known. 

 \Ve assume, as a liasis for calculation, that the 

 seed is |M-rfe<-t in quality i.e. the percentage of 

 puritv is 100, and the percentage Of germination 

 also 100. Arrording to Stibler, one acre of land is 

 covered by the following amounts of perfectly pure 

 and germinating seeds : 



Ula~d LbLotSMd 



Hard frame 19 



Sweet venial IS 



Yellow oat-gram 7 



Perennial ryegraaa. &S 



Alulke clover 14 



lt--l . 14 



White H It 



Tref.,11 a 



UirU'n-foot trefoil 7 



CocV.f.x>t & 



Meadow fewue MI 



Mnuiow f.ix-lail 10 



Timothy SI 



Italian ryrgnwa. 4-1 



'to/a-taii 20 



n-rin. II 



Alked meadow gnse.U 

 8nooth-talke4 .. U 



Iii ii-ing these niiml>crs aw a iMisis for calculating 

 mixtures, allowance must IMS mode for seeds which 

 ciiiinoi germinate on account of inijierfect tillage, 

 and al-o for tin- oVwriapplng of the plants when 

 grown in mixture. An allowance of M \ter cent, 

 is found, in ordinary canes, to meet these re<|iiire- 

 in-n:-. The amount of -. .-I i..-i acre actually use<l 

 in iiiixtiiren is, accordingly, the amount calculat<-l 

 for an acre ami a half. 



The mixture almuly n' V(> n for a wet clay noil 

 when traii-diili-d iirto |HHIIII!S of jx-rfoct seed |icr 

 acre (making an allowance of 50 per cent) is : 



K-l clover... .. 1-8 



AUIke clover. 1 ') 



White 



Blnf. foot trefoil 



Tlm-thy i - 



Perennial ryegraaa. 43 



CoeV.foot 8-4 



MMM!I>W foicue 12-fl 



M<low f.n.uil 15 



It "i.-li wtalk.-d meadow 



irrai 1-9 



Sroouth-atalked ditto -0 



r rfmpto proportion i><nin<l<< of perfect seed can ! 

 iiuiin-diati'Iy convcrti-il into pounds of commercial 

 seed of any xi vi- n ipiality. 



Ihr mot Miutln-rn region of tin- 

 South Aniriiriiii contiiR'iit, cxtepilini; from S. Int. 

 39' xmithward* to I In- Strait of Mat;rllan. which, for 

 inli-t:ii ....... f :<7"> mill-. -i'|iarati'.s it from ihedeMilate 



anlilMlago nf Tlerra dd KIH-HO. Lcn^tli. upward- 

 of 1INN) mill- : ^n-iitc-t breadth, alxmt 4MII mil.- ; 

 area, alniut :{.',. V>i -). in. ; jHipulation, doiililfiilly 

 n:itN| t alKiut 'J<l,(KH). Like tin- n-l of tin- 

 continent. Patagonia is dividiil by the Amle- into 

 two very iine.iual and diwimilur tenitoii,-,. Sin.-r 

 1881 nearly the whole country cost of the \\.-iier 

 shi-il ha- lieeii formally recoKiii^'d as |>art of the 

 Argentine Kepnblie ; while Cliili, which pn-viini-.lv 

 rlaiiueil a con-iilcialilc xliare of that area, has con- 

 tented lierwlf with the country to the west ami a 

 strip alont; the -.oulliein coont. " Tlius the jiolilical 

 in the main ayree- with the phyHJeal partition. 



W t'liiliiin J'uliiifninii (li;t,(HHI wj. in.), 

 coniprioinK the U'rritory o( Magellan, in nffM 

 and mountainous. Along the coast, and stretch- 



ing fnim 42 S. to the Str.iit of M:ix<'llaii, are 

 nuiiieroii- islands, with pnvipit<nis shores, belon^- 

 in^ aiiparently to tin- system of the Cordilleras; 

 the principal LdBfl the Clionos Archipelago (<].v.), 

 Wefliagton Island, the Arclii|M-la^o of Mad re de 

 Dim., t/iieen Adelaide's Arclii|H-lnpi, mid Desola- 

 tion Island. These islands, together itli several 

 |HMiiii-ul;Ls, notably Taytao, form a coast almost 

 OH rugged as that of Norway ; but in none of them 

 do the mountains rise to the snow-line. Even in 



the Coidillenu* proper the su its are less lofty 



toward- tin- south; but the following are worthy 

 of note the volcanoes ,,( Mincliinniavida and < 'or- 

 cova<lo (res|M-ctively 8000 and 7.">10 feet lii^'h), 

 Monte San Valentin (l'2,li!7), Chalten or l-'it/my 

 volcano (7120), and Mount SUikes. From the 

 Andes to the Pacific the strip of shore is so 

 narrow that the longest river of this district has 

 it.s origin only about 1:) miles from the coast. In 

 the Island of Chiloc (q.v.), to the north of Western 

 Patagonia, the mean teni]>eriitur<> of winter is 

 about 40", that of summer rather above 50" ; while 

 at Port Famine, 800 mile- nearer antarctic lati- 

 tudes, the mean temi>eniture is in winter alioiit 

 .TV, and in summer about 50. This unusually 

 small difference in the mean temperature of the 

 extremes of Western Patagonia is due to the 

 great dampness of the atmosphere all along the 

 coast. The prevailing winds blow from the west ; 

 heavily charged with moisture from the Pacific 

 Ocean, they strike against the Andes, and cause 

 almost perpetual precipitation from Chiloe to the 

 Strait of Magellan. South of 47 S. lat hardly a 

 day passes without rain, snow, or sleet. This con- 

 tinual dampness has produced forests of almost 

 tropical luxuriance, which yield valuable timber. 

 Coal is mined in the neighbourhood of Puma 

 Arenas (Sandy Point); and here the Chilian 



government has, s i, is.") I, a colony and penal 



settlement (poi>. in 1882, 12!)1 ). 



a*tern or ArytutiM /'utiii/nnia consists mainly 

 of high undulating plains or plateaus rising in 

 successive terraces, and frequently intersected by 

 valleys and ravines. These plateaus are occasion- 

 ally covered with coarse grass, but more frequently 

 with a sparse vegetation of stunted bushes and 

 herlie ; elsewhere the surface is strewn with huge 

 boiilderx, and again rugged with heaps or ridges of 

 bare, sharp-edged rocks. Keen and often piercing 

 blast- sweep ehielly from the west; and its tlii- 

 wind has already parted with ii- moisture on the 

 other side, of the mountains, hardly any rain falls 

 in Argentine Patagonia during seven or eight 

 months of the year. The soil in many places 

 is strongly Impregnated with saltpetre, and salt- 

 lakes and lagoons are numerous. North of the 

 Uio Chieo, anil towards the seacoast. there is a 

 wild, weird, desolale legion called by the Indians 

 'The Devil's Country. Several wastes of this 

 kind fiinge the Atlantic, and formerly induced 

 the In-licf that Patagonia was a Iwrren and water- 

 lew desert; but the interior, though not fertile, 

 really altounds in lagoons, spring-, and streams, 

 and the banks of the rivers are capable of culti- 

 vation. Along the eastern base of the Andes, al-o, 

 there is a great tract of territory which is astonish 

 ingly picttiresi|ue anil fertile, with great forests to 

 which the Indians retire for shelter from the freez- 

 ing winds- of winter. The principal rivers of 

 Argentine Patagonia are the Hio Negro (<|.v.), 

 which forms its northern lioiindaiv, the Cliubut 

 (q.v.), Deseado, Chico, Santa Cruz, and (mllego.-. 

 All these rivers rise, in the Andes. To the v. 

 of San Mai tin and Moreno appears the smok- 

 ing summit of Chalten ; and the whole scenery of 

 the district, with rugged mountains rising sheer 

 from the water, with glaciers, snows, and floating 

 is unspeakably grand and terrible. The 



