PATTERSON-BONAPARTE 



PATTISON 



809 



two words being used to signify persons who stood 

 to one another in the relation of master and manu- 

 mitted slave. The original idea of a patron apart 

 from the manumitter of slaves continued to exist. 

 A Roman citizen, desirous of a protector, might 

 attach himself to a patron, whose client he thence- 

 forward became; the patron was the guardian of 

 his client's interest, public and private ; as his 

 legal adviser he vindicated his rights before the 

 courts of law. The client was bound on various 

 occasions to assist the patron with money, as by 

 paying the costs of his suits, contributing to the 

 marriage portions of his daughters, and defraying 

 in part the expenses incurred in the discharge of 

 public functions ( see ROME ). As the patron was in 

 the habit of appearing in support of his clients in 

 courts of justice, the word patrotnis acquired in 

 course of time the signification of advocate or 

 legal adviser and defender, the client being the 

 party defended. Patron in after times became a 

 common designation of every protector or powerful 

 promoter of the interests of another ; and the 

 Haints who were believed to watch over the 

 interests of particular persons, places, trades, &c. 

 acquired in the middle ages the designation of 

 their patron saints. 



The term Patron has also been applied to those 

 who endowed or supported churches and convents. 

 The question of ecclesiastical patronage, or the 

 right of the patron to present to livings, is dealt 

 with in ADVOWSON, FKEE CHURCH, INVESTITURE, 

 SCOTLAND (CHURCH OF), STATE RELIGION. 



Patterson-Bonaparte. See BONAPARTE, 



Vol. II. p. 288. 



Patteson, JOHN COLERIDGE, the martyr- 

 bishop, was born in London on 1st April 1827, the 

 son of Sir John Patteson, judge in the Queen's 

 Bench, and of a niece of Coleridge the poet. He 

 passed through Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, 

 and was elected a Fellow of Merton in 1852, and in 

 the following year appointed curate of Alfington, 

 near Ottery St Mary, in Devonshire. But his 

 thoughts soon turned to missionary work, and in 

 1855 he sailed with Bishop Selwyn of New Zealand. 

 The next sixteen years he spent amongst the 

 Mdanesian Islands New Hebrides, Banks, Solomon, 

 and Loyalty Islands ; and in 1861 he was conse- 

 crated Bishop of Melanesia. A most unselfish man 

 and a true Christian, he was greatly beloved by 

 the islanders, whom he likewise loved and faithfully 

 watched over, protecting them to his utmost against 

 the white kidnappers of the Pacific. He was killed 

 by the natives of Nukapu, one of the Santa Cruz 

 group, on 20th September 1871, it is believed in 

 revenge for relatives carried away by the white 

 ' slavers.' See Life by Miss Yonge (2 vols. 1874). 



I'atti. ADELINA, prima-donna, was born at 

 Madrid, 19th February 1843, the daughter of a 

 Sicilian tenor and the ' Signora Barilli,' a Roman. 

 At seven she sang ' Casta Diva ' in Tripler Hall, 

 New York ; and in the same city she made her 

 o[>eratic debut as ' Lucia ' in 1859. In London she 

 first appeared in 1861 as ' Amina' in La Sonnam- 

 biUa, when her success was as splendid as it 

 had been in America, and as it since has been 

 wherever she has sung Paris, St Petersburg, 

 both the Americas, &c. In Russia, in 1870, she 

 received from the emperor the Order of Merit. 

 Her voice is an unusually high soprano, reaching 

 to F in alt, of rich bell-like tone and remark- 

 able evenness ; to these qualities she adds purity 

 of style and the highest artistic finish. Equally 

 at home in the tenderness of deep passion and the 

 uprightly vivacity of comedy, she has also sung 

 splendidly in oratorio. She married in 1866 the 

 Marquis de Canx, and, on her divorce from him, 

 the tenor Ernesto Nicolini (1834-98). Her home 



is Craig-y-nos Castle, near Swansea. Her elder 

 sister, CARLOTTA, born at Florence in 1840, was 

 likewise a very fine vocalist, though a slight lame- 

 ness prevented her from appearing much in opera. 

 She made her debut at New York as a concert- 

 singer in 1861, married in 1879 the 'cellist Ernst 

 de Muuck, and died at Paris, 28th June 1889. 

 See Engel's From, Mozart to Mario (1886). 



Pattison, MARK, scholar, was born in 1813 

 at Hornby in Yorkshire, but brought up mostly 

 at Hauxwell, of which parish his father had 

 become rector. The eldest of twelve children, 

 of whom ten were daughters, he grew up amid 

 the Yorkshire moors, with a close knowledge of 

 nature and a love for field-sports, which in 

 the one form of fishing lingered with him till 

 the last. He was educated at home until he 

 entered Oriel College at Oxford in 1832. A shy 

 and awkward lad, diffident and hesitating, with- 

 out the wholesome discipline of public school life, 

 lie suffered much in his first years as an under- 

 graduate, but his sufferings were the fruit of his 

 own lack of self-reliance, his morbid self-conscious- 

 ness, and hyper-sensitiveness of temperament. He 

 took his bachelor's degree in 1837 with a second- 

 class in classics, and was elected Fellow of Lincoln 

 College in 1839. Under the dominant influence 

 of Newman he gave himself first to the study of 

 theology, twice (1841-42) carried off the Denyer 

 prize, wrote two Lives of the Saints, translated for 

 the ' Library of the Fathers ' the Matthew in the 

 Catena Aitrea of Aquinas, and almost followed his 

 master into the fold of Rome, being saved only, as 

 he himself explains, by his habits of study and a 

 constitutional slowness to act. Fortunately we 

 have his own account of his spiritual growth, out 

 of the Puritanism of his home into the wider 

 atmosphere of Anglicanism, and how that in its 

 turn fell from him as the larger horizon of the 

 Catholic Church opened itself up before his eyes, 

 only to disappear before ' the highest development, 

 when all religions appear in their historical light 

 as efforts of the human spirit to come to an under- 

 standing with that Unseen Power whose presence 

 it feels, but whose motives are a riddle.' His 

 reaction from Newmanisir. reawakened within him 

 all his zeal for pure scholarship, and, no less lofty 

 in his ideal of the teacher than the student, he 

 soon became a tutor of altogether exceptional 

 devotion and influence, and acting head of the 

 college as sub-rector, under the aged Dr Tathani. 

 On the death of the latter in 1851 Pattison was 

 kept out of the headship which was his right by a 

 discreditable obscurantist intrigue, which gave an 

 almost paralysing blow to his sensitive nature. A 

 further unsuccessful attempt was made to deprive 

 him of his fellowship on the technical plea that he 

 had not proceeded in time to the degree of B.D., 

 and the result of his disappointment was that for 

 ten years he took little real interest in the life of 

 Oxford, while his ideas of university reform 

 henceforth grew rather towards an increase of the 

 professorial than the tutorial system. But his edu- 

 cational sympathies soon extended far beyond mere 

 college life ; he published an article on education 

 in the Oxford Essays, acted as assistant-com- 

 missioner on the Duke of Newcastle's Commission 

 of Inquiry into Elementary Education in Germany, 

 rambled in the long vacations through England, 

 Scotland, and Germany, visiting most of the uni- 

 versities of the latter country, and served for 

 three months of 1858 as Times correspondent at 

 Berlin. Meanwhile he gave himself with rare 

 devotion to severe and unbroken study, and scholars 

 soon came to recognise his Roman hand in the 

 columns of the Quarterly, the Westminster, and the 

 Saturday Review. His luminous and thoughtful 

 Report on Elementary Education in Protestant 



