> i ; 



PAULI 



He wa emtiroiled with the Emperor Ferdinand, 

 with Philip II. <>f S|in, with C (> MIIO. giand duke 

 of Tuscany, t'nd'-i ilic weight of *o many cam 

 hi* strength gave way, anil he died, August 1 s . 

 l.Vi'.l. Hi- severity hail been hateful to the lioman 

 citi/cns, who hniitHl the news of his death with 

 delight. 



I' A i I. V., originally named Camillo BorolMM, 

 was Isirn in Koine in I.VV2. In his early life 

 he wan a distinguished canonist and theologian; 

 and. after the ordinary prelatical career ut Itome, 

 lie rose firt to the |x>st of nuncio at the Spani-h 

 ronrt, and afterwards to the eardinalate under 

 Cl.-in.-iit VIII. On tin- death of Ix-o XI. in 1605 

 ;inal liorghese wan elected to succeed him. 

 Hi- pontiticaie is rendered memorable Ity the cele 

 hrated conllirl with tin- republic <>f Venice, into 

 which he wan plunged at tin- very outset of his 

 reign. The original ground of dispute wan the 

 question of tin- immunity from the jurisdiction of 

 civil tribunals conceded to the clergy, who claimed 

 t<i lie tried by ecclesiastical tribunals itloiir. Thi- 

 claim the senate resisted : and further causes of 

 di-puie were added by a mortmain law, and a law 

 piohil.iting the .-tal.li-hment of new religious 

 orders or associations unless with the .-auction of 

 tin- senate. Kadi paity remaining inflexible in its 

 determination, 1'uiil issued a brief, directing a 

 sentence of excommunication against tin- doge ami 

 senate, and placing the repulilic under an interdict, 

 unless Milimi.-iiin should IM> made within twenty 

 four days. The enate persisted, and an animated 

 conflict, a- well of acts as of writings, eii-ue.1, in the 

 latter of which the celebrated Kra Paolo Sariii, on 

 the side of the republic, and on the papal Bide 

 Bellarmine ami Haronius were the leaders. Ity 

 tin- iiit'Tvention of Henry IV. of France the dispute 

 was accommodated in 1607, but not until the (Mine 

 had Ix-en compelled to abandon his claims. Paul's 

 administration was vigorous on In-half of orthodoxy, 

 anil he did a great deal for the promotion of useful 

 public works, for the cmlM-lli-limcnt of the city, 

 tin- restoration and preservation of antiquities, the 

 improvement of the museums and libraries, and, 

 above all, for the pious and charitable institutions 

 of Koine. Paul died January 28, 1621, ayd was 

 succeeded bv Gregory XV. See T. A. Trollope's 

 Paul I/if Pope, ami Paul the Friar ( I860). 



I'aill. ciii|.enir of Kussia, the second son of 

 th unfortunate I'.-ter III. and the Empress 

 Catharine II., was litn OctolM-r '2. I7">4, Iterame 

 heir-apparent on the death of his elder brother 

 in 1763, and succeeded hi" mother on the imiH-rial 

 throne in 1796. The tragical death of his father 

 when he was still a child, and hi- mother's neglect, 

 ted a baneful influence on the character of 

 Paul, who was kept in seclusion while Catharine 

 and lierfa>oiiiit.- gow-rned. Hi- earliest measures 



weie tl \ile of hi- father's murderers, and the 



pardon of Polish prisoners, including Kosciusko. 

 Itiit he -IMIII revealed his capricious and violent 

 t'Mnper, as well HH his lack of capacity, and irritated 

 all classes of his subject* by vexatious and im- 

 perious regulation*. Not less unhappy and variable 

 was his foreign policy. After Itrginning with an 

 attitude .if n.-iitialil) in the war between I-' ranee 

 and the rest .if Knro|>e. he suddenly declared in 

 favour of the ulli.il powers, and sent an army of 

 M.<*> m.-ti under Suvarotr into Italy. Encouraged 

 by his siicemw, he despatched a second army of eipial 



strength t. iper.ite with the Ausiiians, but its 



defeat in I71HI induced him to recall Suvaroff; 

 whereii|Kin he retired from the allied coalition 

 without giving any reason, quarrelled with Kngland, 

 and entered into a <-|IIM; alliance with the First 

 c.insiil Ibinnparlc. Paul now concluded a con- 

 vention with Sweden and Denmark for the purpose 

 of opposing the right insisted on by England of 



Matching neutral vessels, with the result that the 

 English government sent a fleet into the llallic 

 nmler Nelson to dissolve the coalition, at the close 

 of March ISO). He was U|HIUI to help the Da 

 when a conspiracy was formed against him at St 

 Petersburg. Among the consiiirators weie Count 

 Pahlcn, C.cneial llcnnigsen, and othei ilistingtiished 

 officers, and their aim was originally only to com- 

 pel Paul to abdicate; hut a -. ullle arose in which 

 the emperor was strangled, March 24, 1801. 



Paul. CANONS OF ST. See BAKNABITES. 



Paul >K SAMUSATA, the SiK-inus of the 3il 

 c.-ntnry, was horn at Samosata on the Knplirat.--, 

 capital of a district of Syria, and in 200 becaim- 

 bishop or patriarch of Antioch, the most important 

 s ..... >f the East. Antioch then Udonged to the 

 Palmyrene kingdom, and Paul was practically the 

 vicegerent of Queen Zenobia, from whom he re- 

 ,,-iMil support in the maintenance of his heresy. 

 This was moiiarchianUm the doctrine that Father, 

 Son. and Holy Ghost are the one God, and that 

 the Father has from all eternity produced the 

 Logos, who is his Son, but is rather an attribute 

 than a IHTSOII. Antioch In-ing recaptured by Aure- 

 lian in 272, Paul's enemies procured hi- deposit ion 

 by the heathen emperor; out his doctrines sur- 

 \ived, and he hail followers, Paulianists orSamosa- 

 tensians, till the 4th century. 



Paul, VINCENT DE. See VINCENT DE PAUL. 



Paula. See FRANCESCO DI PAULA. 



Pilllldillg. .1 \M i > KlRKE, an American author. 

 \\.i- UHII iii Untchess county. New York, August 

 22, 1779. Self-educated, he early showed a tend- 

 ency to literature, and, being a friend of Washing- 

 ton Irving, wrote a portion of Salinii<inntli. During 

 the war of 1812 he published the Diverting History 

 of Jo/in liull unit Bmtlier Jonathan : anil in 1814 a 

 more serious work, The Unitnl States and England, 

 R defence against articles in the Quarterly Berii -ir. 

 This gained him an appointment on the Hoard of 

 Nava! Commissioneis. He still continued to write 

 minor satires and humorous sketches, and in 1831 

 published the very successful novel. The Dnlr/i- 

 man's Fireside, and in 1832 Westward Ho.' which 

 attained to a similar popularity. These were 

 followed by a popularly written Life of Washington 

 (1835), and .sV-nrry n the United States (1836), 

 in which the institution w defended on social, 

 economical, and physiological grounds. In 183? 

 Van Ituren apjHiinteil him Secretary of the Navy. 

 Four years later he retired to a country residence 

 at Hyde Park, New York state, where he died, 

 April'6, I860. The well known patter lines, 'Peter 

 |'J|MT picket) a peck of pickled peppers,' &c., occur 

 in his satirical novel Koningsmarkc (1H23). Four 

 vols. of his tielrrt Works were edited by his son 

 (New York, 1867-68). 



I'illlli. HEINHOLD, a no less learneil than genial 

 historian of Kngland, was born in Berlin, 25th 

 May 1H23, studieil at Bonn, next |>aid a long visit 

 foi -'purposes of study to England and Scotland. 

 spent the year 1848 at Oxford, and acted from IM!i 

 till 1H.V2 as private secretan- to Hnnsen. In Is.".."' 

 he returned to Germany and huliilitnlril at Bonn, 

 \\ hence he w.-is called to a chair at Kostock in 1S.17. 

 He ol,..\,'d a .-ill to Tubingen in IKTrf), but during 

 the war of 186 he was punished by being sent to 

 the little seminar at Sclionthal for an article on 

 the policy of Wttrtomben; in the Prenssische Jahr- 

 Inirhrr. ' Hut he soon left this place, and was 

 ap|Miinted to a chair at Marburg in I8(>7, at Gcittin- 

 gen in 1S70. He died at Hrcmen, 3d -lune 1SS'2. 

 Pauli's life-long studies were devoted to English 

 history, and the value of his work hail long been 

 known to students before it was recognised ny the 

 D C.I,, degree conferred by Oxford in 1874. Hi- 

 excellent book on Alfred (1851 ; Eng. trans. 1852) 



