PAULICIANS 



PAULUS .3EGINETA 



817 



induced Lappenl>erg to commit to him the task of 

 continuing the Geschichte von England in the great 

 series of Heeren and Uckert. Pauli's part (vols. 

 3-5, Gotha, 1853-58) begins with Henry II., and 

 comes down to the accession of Henry VIII., and, 

 while portions of its ground have been more fully 

 treated since, remains still the best history of 

 medieval England. Other works are Bilder aus 

 Alt-England (1860; Eng. trans. 1861), Geschichte 

 England's seit den Friedenschlussen von 1814 un d 

 1815 (3 vols. 1864-75), Simon von Montfort ( 1867 ; 

 Eng. trans. 1876), Aufsatze zitr englischen Geschichte 

 (1869; new series, 1883), besides an admirable 

 edition of Oower's Confettic Ama.ntis(' vols. 1850). 



I'aiilirians. a heretical Eastern sect, who owe 

 their name to their peculiar reverence for the apostle 

 Paul and his writings ; but they called themselves 

 ' Christians ' only. Their founder was Constantino 

 of Mananalis, near Samosata, who founded his first 

 congregation at Cibossa in Armenia about 660. He 

 was put to death by the emperors order in 687, his 

 successor, Titus, in 690 ; whereupon the adherents 

 of the sect fled to Episparis under the Armenian 

 Paul as leader. Later heads were Sergius, who 

 carried them from the persecutions of Leo the 

 Armenian to Argaeura in Saracen Armenia ; Kar- 

 beas, who built the cities of Amara and Tephriea 

 for the remnant saved from the Empress Theodora's 

 merciless severity, and Chrysocheres, on whose 

 defeat by an army of the Emperor Basil they were 

 utterly crushed. In 970 some of their remnants 

 were transferred by the Emperor John Tzimisces 

 to Philippopolis in Thrace ; a century later great 

 efforts were made for the conversion of these, and 

 the new city of Alexiopolis was built opposite 

 for the converts. The sect, called Popelicans by 

 Villehardouin, continued to exist in Thrace into 

 the 13th century. And it has been affirmed that 

 remnants survived at Philippopolis and in Bulgaria 

 into the 19th century. The Cathari (q.v. ) and 

 Bogomili (q.v.) were similar or related sects. 



The only Scriptures which they accepted were 

 the four Gospels, fourteen Epistles of Paul, the 

 three Epistles of John, James, Jude, and an Epistle 

 to the Laodiceans. They rejected the title of 

 Theotokos, refusing all worship to the Virgin, as 

 well as any reverence to the symbol of the cross, 

 and even the outward administration of the Lord's 

 Supper and baptism. Photius, Petrus Siculus, and 

 others identified them erroneously as a branch of 

 the Manichipans ; and the statement heretofore 

 accepted that they maintained, like the Mani- 

 chtteans, a < I nail-tic system (the Evil Spirit being 

 the ruler of the visible universe) is denied by 

 Conybeare, who affirms them to have been simply 

 Unitarians, holding Christ to have been one with 

 the Holy Ghost, and a creature. Gieseler and 

 Neander connected them with the Gnostic Mar- 

 cionites. 



See the Church Histories of Gieseler and Neander; 

 F. Schmidt, Hilt. Paulic. Orientalium ( Copen. 183(i ) ; 

 Lombard, Pauliciem, Bulgares ft Bons-hommcs ( Geneva, 

 I Ter-Mltrttschiaa, Die Paulicianer ( Leip. 1893); 

 and F. C. Conybeare's translation of The Key of Truth: 

 the Manual of the PatUician Church of Armenia ( 1898). 



I'aillillllN. missionary to Northumbria, counted 

 us the first of the archbishops of York. He was a 

 native of Rome, and may have been named Rum 

 before his conversion. He was sent on his mission 

 l>v Gregory in 601, and first laboured under Augus- 

 tine in the evangelisation of Kent. By him he was 

 consecrated bishop in 625, when he accompanied 

 Ethelbnrga on her marriage to the still heathen 

 Edwin, king of Northumbria. For a long time he 

 made no progress in his mission beyond baptising 

 the infant princess ; but at length a great gathering 

 was held at Goodmanham, near York, to consider 

 364 



the matter, and in consequence Edwin and his 

 court submitted to baptism at York, in a wooden 

 chapel dedicated to St Peter, the foundation of the 

 Minster, Easter Sunday 627. Paulinus now carried 

 the gospel over Northumbria, but after six years' 

 constant labour the death of Edwin in battle at 

 Hatfield put a sudden end to his work. He did not 

 wait for the honour of martyrdom, but went back 

 with the widowed queen to Kent. In the same 

 vear he received the pallium as Archbishop of York 

 from Rome, but he never returned, dying on October 

 10, 644. He was buried in the chapter-house at 

 Rochester. See Dr Bright's Chapters of Early 

 English History, and vol. i. of the Lives of the 

 Archbishops of York. 



Paullinia. See GUARANA. 



Paulownia. a genus of trees belonging to the 

 Scropulariace.T, with but one species, P. imperialis, 

 a native of Japan, and now grown in the United 

 States. It has heart-shaped leaves, and large 

 panicles of purplish flowers. The name is derived 

 from that of a Russian princess Paulovna. 



Paul's, ST. For the Cathedral, see LONDON; 

 and for the school, see ST PAUL'S SCHOOL. 



1'a n Ins. ^EMILIUS. See /EMILIUS PAULUS, and 

 for Paulus Africanus Minor, see SciPIO yEMlLlANUS. 



Paulus, HEINRICH EBERHARD GOTTLOB, one 

 of the pioneers of German rationalism, was born at 

 Leonberg, near Stuttgart, 1st September 1761. 

 His father's scepticism about the resurrection was 

 cured effectually by a promised appearance of his 

 wife after death, and not unnaturally was succeeded 

 by an eager belief in spiritual visions which brought 

 about his deposition from the office of Diukonus. 

 The son studied at the Tiibingen seminary, 

 travelled in England, Holland, and France, 

 and was called in 1789 to the chair of Oriental 

 Languages at Jena, which he exchanged in 1793 

 for that of Theology. Here he produced his labori- 

 ous but little read Philologisch-kritischer und histo- 

 risc/ier Commentar iiber das Neue Testament (4 vols. 

 1800-4); Claw's iiber die Psa/men (1791); Clams 

 iiber den Jesaias (1793). In 1803 he accepted the 

 chair of Theology at Wiirzburg, next filled scholastic 

 offices at Bamberg, Nuremberg, and Ansbach, and 

 again in 1811 accepted a chair as professor of 

 Church History at Heidelberg. Here he died, 

 August 10, 1851. Of his numerous works the most 

 important were his Leben Jesu, als Grundlage einer 

 reinen Geschichte des Urchristenthmns (2 vols. 

 1828), and Exegetisches Handbuch iiber die drei 

 ersten Evangelien (3 vols. 1830-33). His chief 

 critical principle is an assertion of the impossibility 

 of the supernatural, and the miracles of Christ he 

 therefore explained as due to a variety of mistaken 

 opinions and errors in narration a series of exege- 

 tical miracles postulated to get rid of the historical. 

 Paulus lived long enough to see his own rational- 

 istic theory of Scripture give place to the more 

 scientific mythical theory of Strauss, and that in 

 its turn shaken to its foundations on the one 

 hand by the Tiibingen school, on the other by 

 Neander and his school. 



See Faulus' Skizzen aus meiner Bilduntii- und Lebens- 

 geschichle zitm Andenken an mein 50-jaltritjes Jubildum 

 (1839), and Reichlin-Meldetfg's Paulus u. s. Znt (1853). 



PaillllS &ilieta, a celebrated Greek physi- 

 cian, was born in the island of Agina, and 

 flourished most probably during the conquests of 

 the calif Omar in the 7th century. Of his life we 

 know almost nothing more than that he pursued 

 his medical studies first at Alexandria, and after- 

 wards in Greece and other countries. He had 

 much knowledge and skill in surgery and obstetrics, 

 and his Synopsis of the Medical Art has gone 

 through many editions both in its original Greek 

 and in Latin, English, and other translations. 



