PAULDS DIACONU8 



PAVEMENT 



Paula* DiaronuM, the jjreauwt <>f tin- l.ni 



Iwrd historians. WHO lrn itl r'riuli aliout 7'J'. 

 11.- instructed Adel|i-iga, daughter of King Desid- 

 erius, and ino-l piolml.ly mailed at the court f 

 IHT hii-hand. Aiii-lii-. hiike <>i I'.eiiex.eniiim. He 

 became a monk, pmhahly nf Monte Cassino, kbovl 

 774. hut seems later to liaves|M-ni Mime years Ht the 

 i-.nitt of Charles. lit- died hcfoir tin- coronation of 

 Cliarle* .- em|x-ioi. then-fine not later tliiin HOO. 

 Of hi- work* the earliest is tin- llixl,,ri<i Knmmi'i, 

 an epitome of event* based on Eutropius, with 

 addition- compiled from OniKiiiN, .1 . nume, and 

 .lordanes. Thin work wa-s again extended with 

 int-r|>l:iliiis by 1-amlolf tin- Wise (r. 1000), nml 

 tin- whole compilation has been known ox the 

 Mivtllit ; there are editions hy Kyssen- 



hardt (IH69) and DION sen in Mini. '.'. /<. Hut., 

 Aufl. Ant. ii. The llistnrin l.toiijulxirilnnim 

 e.c me, down to the death of King l.iutprand (744), 

 and U largely compiled from Gregory of Tours, the 

 Origo Genti* LaHtfobardorum, the short history 

 Uatu Langobardoriim) liy AMuil Secundiis of 

 Trent (died 612), and other' son rc<-s. His oilier 

 work* are a Li/e of Gregory t/ir (fn-nt, OMnpiled 

 from Gregory's own writings and fnirn liede ; Gesta 

 EmteoporHm Mfllriixiiiin, written at the request 

 of Bishop An^iliam, containing an interest ing 

 account of the rise of the ('arolingian house, the 

 founder of which W.-LS Arnulf, llislmp nf Met/. I til. 

 in I'ert/, >'..s'. ii.); an Epitome, or extracts from 

 the Iff SujHifii'utiiinr \'rrlinrnin of Sextus I'om- 

 peiiis l-Vstus led. hy K. (). Miiller) ; a Book of 

 Ih" isting of '298 sermoim selected from 



Ainhri>-e. Augustine, I 'hrysostom, Gregory, .leroine, 

 and Leo; I'ofnu, in honour of St llcneclict, in 

 praise of the Lake of Como, \o. |e.l. hy Piimniler 

 III the Mnniiinrntii derm. Histnrica, Pottttrnin 

 l.ntiiiiiriiiH Mn/ii .r'i-i, i.) : ami l.ettert, to Adel- 

 perga, Adelhanl, Charles, and others. 



Paul Veronese. See VERONESE (PAOLO). 



Pmimoln. See Low ARCHIPELAGO. 



Paii|MTs. See POOR-LAWS, IMMIGRATION, 

 MKM'ir AV i, V.M.I: \s I -. 



I'illl.sanlam a famous Spartan recent and 

 general, the son of Ctoonbrotoa, nml ncpliew of 

 LennidaH. He commandeil the confederate (ireekg 

 in the iin|Hirtiuit hat tie of I'laUi-a (479 B.c. ), in 

 which the lYrxiaiiH were totally routetl, and their 

 leader, Manloniiis, Hlnin. He then marclieil liis 

 troop* against Thelies, and compelled the inliahit 

 anU to give up the rhiefs of the I'ei-ian party In 

 him for )>iinislinient. Klate<l hy this vii-tory, how- 

 ever, he hecamv in an extreme decree haiigfity ami 

 vainglorioiiM, t<H>k all the credit to himself, and 

 allowed none to the Athenian generals. Arislides 

 and ( 'inion, Hliocomiiiamle<l nuclei him, and treated 

 all tlic' other lireeks an if the Spartans were their 



lord-. N evert heles. lie' -I ill cont ill lied Ills colli) llesl s, 



captnriii|4 ('yprim and By/Jintinm. It wa.s here he 

 lirt ho-^aii to play I ce. He entered into 



ecret negotiations with .\ei\e-. wiili die view of 

 becomini.' rnh-r. under the Persian monarc'h, of the 

 whole- it unit ry, and, in hi journey through Thrace, 

 lie drem and luxurious hahits of a 

 Fenian satraji. and Hiirrounde<l himself with a |HH|\- 

 guard of Persian* and l-'.^pii, illeil, 



00 aCOIIIIlt of tlic-se tiling, ley t||i> Sparlalls, hut his 



former erviccw pr.~ mc-.| hi- acc|iiittnl. He then 

 returned to Hy/Jiiitiiim, where he renewed In- 

 trnitorccii- intrigue-, wa- e\|x'lleil from the c-ity for 

 H i-riininal aiujiuli njcon a Ity/antine lady, withdrew 

 to tin- TriNul, and there ronlinued his treacherv. 

 !! wan a iwriinil time called to account by ilic- 

 Spartan ephon>. hut ayain eseajM-d, though with 

 (ffwiter ditlieiilty. Yet hi< passion for the HOVC- 

 il> cif lin-ece. e\ell though at the e\]M-nC of 



the national lilwrtie*, once more drove him to play 



the traitor. He tried to stir up the Helot*, hut 

 waa taken in his own net. A Helot betrayed him. 

 When r.-iii-.inias found his position desperate he 

 took sam-tiiai\ in a temple ot Athena, llc-rc-npon 

 the peoph' blocked up the gate of the temple with 

 heaps of .stones, and leit him to die of hunger, his 

 own mother dejiositing the lii-t sUme. 



Pailsailiax one of tin' m.<M I'lnini-nt of Creek 

 geographers afld historians, was pro)>al>ly a native 

 of I.yclia in Asia Minor, and Boariabed nn<ler 

 Hadrian. Antoninus 1'iiis, and Aurelius. He tra- 

 velled through almost all (ireece, Macedonia, and 

 Italy, and also through part of Asia and Africa, 

 and composed from bis olwervations and researches 

 an Itinerary of Greece (Hellados Periigisis) in 

 ten books, OMniUng the dilt'erent parts of that 

 country, and giving a particular account of the 

 monuments of art and of the legends connected 

 with them. His style ia unpretentious and < 

 although devoid of any special literary grace, hut 

 bis It i in- rii i-ii possesses the rare meiit of heing t In- 

 work of an honest and accurate eye-witness. Pau- 

 sanias was a man of marvellous industry, and is 

 one of the earliest examples of the antiquary in 

 the full modern sense of thai word. Kven in his 

 treatment of works of art he is ever the antiijuary 

 rather than the critic, and his observations seldom 

 rise out of the prosaic atmosphere proper to the 

 catalogue. Hut he has the saving grace of accuracy, 

 and his work, hare and meagre as it is, remains 

 one of the most precious records of antii|iiity that 

 we possess. He- has not grasped the distinction 

 lietweeii legend and history: or, more correctly, 

 dominated hy the instinct of the collector, he has 

 recorded everything that he learned, historical fact 

 and local legend alike. Hence his work is a mine 

 of wealth to the student of mythology and folklore, 

 no less than to the archaeologist proper. 



The beat editions are those of Siebelia ( 5 vols. 1822-28) 

 and nf .Schuburt and \ViiU (3 voU 1838-40) the latter 

 reprinted in Teubner'a series (2 vols. 1862). There arc 

 English translations by A. K Shilleto and J. (. Kraz.-r. 

 See also Kalkmann, I'aumnitu der Perieiiet (1886) ; and 

 Mrgret Venall'i Afytholoi/y and Afonumenti of An 

 Atkrni (IS90). 



P;ii run-Ill, flat stones or 'flags,' seldom ex- 

 ceeding 4 inches in thickness, used for covering 

 foul paths, courtyards, kitchens, c.\-c. (see FLAG- 

 STONES). The name U also given to the stone 

 cove-ring of the carriage-way of streets. The 

 Unmans paved both their streets and their high- 

 ways with stones in a most substantial manner, 

 but until the 12th century media-val ritic-s were 

 almost all unpaved. At 1'ompeii the stone pave- 

 ment of the narrow streets remains in the same 

 state as it was before the city was destroyed, and 

 shows the ruts made hy the biga- or carriages. It 

 is formed of polygonal blocks of stone, like- CM lo 

 pcaii masonry, the largest pieces heing alxiut .'t 

 tc-c-i across the face. This kind of ancient Unman 

 pavement, the remains of which are found at other 

 places in Italy, is laid on a carefully prepared 

 liasis or foundation, sometimes composed of several 

 layers of suitable materials. 



*Modern streets in Euroiie and elsewhere are still 

 most largely paved with hard stones of various 

 kinds, rough I \ dressed into oblong blocks, say I '2 

 in. hy 4 in. and 6 in. deep, anil smaller sizes. 

 'I'hese are generally laid on a foundation of sand 

 01 very fine gravel, sand living also used for tilling 

 up the joints. Hut the jointing is now sometimes 

 done with pitch, (iramte and some varieties of 

 Itosalt (q.v.) are extensively quarried for these 

 [aving-stoncs. 



\VoiMlen pavement consists of pieces of wood (in 

 northern Kuro|>e usually that of Pin"* ni/lmttru) 

 about the si/.e of paving stones, laid end up on 

 boards, with asphalt or concrete In-low them, and 



