PAVIA 



PAWNBROKING 



819 



with the joints of the wood blocks pitched. 

 Vehicles make least noise on this kind of pave- 

 ment, which, though expensive to maintain, if 

 under heavy traffic, continues in favour. Asphalt 

 pavement is also a good deal used both for foot and 

 carriage ways. It is described under ASPHALT. 

 Both this and wood pavement are apt to be slippery 

 in wet, and the latter in frosty, weather. 



For foot-pavement a Portland cement concrete 

 has been much employed of late years. Small 

 stones, such as granite, crushed into small chips 

 like beans, or not much larger, are mixed with the 

 cement, which is laid on a bed of broken whin- 

 stone or 'road-metal.' Pavement so made is 

 cheaper than when flagstones are used, but longer 

 experience of it is necessary before we can say 

 that it is in the long run more economical. The 

 frequent necessity for lifting pavement when lay- 

 ing down or repairing gas or water pipes is a great 

 drawback to the keeping of it in good order. 



I'avi'a. a city of Northern Italy, on the left 

 bank of the Ticino, 2 miles above its confluence 

 with the Po, and 21 miles by rail S. of Milan. A 

 covered brick bridge ( 1353) connects the city with 

 the suburb of Ticino, on the right bank of the 

 river. Pavia is still in great part surrounded by 

 walls, and has an imposing appearance ; in former 

 times it was called the 'city of a hundred towers.' 

 Its oldest church is the Lombard basilica of San 

 Michele, which, although the date of its founda- 

 tion is uncertain, is mentioned as early as 601. 

 The early ' kings of Italy ' were crowned within its 

 walls ; in 1863 it was granted the title of ' royal 

 basilica,' and was restored 1863-76. The cathedral, 

 containing some good paintings, was commenced 

 in 148S, hut was never finished. It shelters the 

 tomb of Boetius (brought from St Peter's) and 

 Roland's lance ; and in a beautiful chapel attached 

 to it are the ashes of St Augustine, in a Gothic 

 sarcophagus ornamented with a great number of 

 l>as-reliets and figures. The Certosa, which lies 

 5 miles north of the city, is described in a separate 

 article. The castle of the Visconti ( begun in 1360), 

 a in;i>sive square arcaded structure, once contained 

 valuable collections of MSS. , armour, and curiosi- 

 ties, but they were carried away by the French in 

 1500. The university is said to have been founded 

 by Charlemagne, and was a famous seat of learning 

 during the middle ages; but it was not formally 

 constituted a university until 1361. It is now 

 attended by 1000 students (1800 almut 1850), who 

 are taught by sixty teachers. Attached to it are 

 two colleges Borromeo ( 1563) and Ghislieri ( 1509) 

 for poor students, and a library ( 1772) of 185,000 

 vols. , anatomical and natural history museums, a 

 botanic garden, a school of the fine arts, &c. 

 There is neither much industry nor much trade. 

 Pop. ( 1881 ) 29,836 ; (1891) 32,339. 



Pavia, the ancient Ticinum (afterwards Papia, 

 whence the modern name), was founded by Gallic 

 tribes, and was sacked by Attila (452) and by 

 Oiloacer (476) ; Theodoric selected it as his capital 

 after 489. Later on the Lombards made it their 

 capital, and then it became the chief city of the 

 kingdom of Italy. Through jealousy of Milan it 

 sided with the emperors (1056-1356); it was then 

 conquered by the Visconti, and subsequently shared 

 the fate of Milan. It was sacked by the French 

 in 1500. Here in 1525 the French were defeated 

 by the imperialists, and Francis I. (q.v. ) taken 

 prisoner ; but in 1527, and again in the following 

 year, the city was taken and laid waste by the 

 French. It was stormed and pillaged by Napoleon 

 in 1796, and came into the possession of Austria 

 by the peace of 1814. Since 1859 it has been 

 included within the kingdom of Italy. Lanfranc 

 and Pope John XIV. were natives. The province 

 of Pavia ( 1312 sq. m.) has a pop. of ( 1889) 513,983. 



Paving. See PAVEMENT. 



Paylograd, a town of South Russia, 45 miles 

 by rail ENE. of Ekaterinoslav, on an affluent of 

 the Dnieper, was founded in 1780 by Zaporogian 

 Cossacks. Pop. 14,442. 



Pavonidre. See PEACOCK. 



Pawilbroking. Pawn is a contract whereby 

 the owner of a thing delivers it to a creditor as secur- 

 ity for a debt contracted by himself or by a third 

 party. This contract is of great antiquity, as may 

 be seen on referring to the story of Judali and Tamar 

 ( Gen. xxxviii. ) and the provisions of the Mosaic law 

 (Exod. xxii.). In modern times the superior class 

 of money-lenders have often advanced money on 

 pledges of plate, &c. ; this was the business carried 

 on by the Lombard traders, from whom Lombard 

 Street in London takes its name ; and it is said 

 that the three golden balls which figure over every 

 pawnshop were taken from the armorial bearings 

 of the Medici family. Property of considerable 

 value is sometimes pawned with bankers and 

 others; and an equitable Mortgage (q.v.) may 

 be described as a kind of pawn. Among the 

 poorer classes, clothes, tools, &c. are frequently 

 pledged when money runs short ; like other small 

 money-lenders, the pawnbroker is regarded by his 

 customers as an extortioner, though the profits 

 of the trade are not particularly high. On the 

 Continent efforts have been made to supersede 

 the pawnshop by establishing what are called 

 Monts de Piete. In England a quasi-charitable 

 institution of the same kind was started in 1708, 

 but it came to a disastrous end in 1731 ; another 

 scheme, started during the bubble mania of 1824 

 25, was equally unfortunate. Jn Ireland there 

 were, in 1841, as many as eight Monts de Piete, 

 but they had all disappeared by 1S53. On com- 

 paring the rules and charges of the Mont de Piete 

 (q. v. ) at Paris ( the largest establishment of the kind 

 in the world ) with those of English pawnbrokers, it 

 does not appear that there is any striking superi- 

 ority in the French system. It is understood that 

 the Paris establishment is superior to the London 

 pawnshop in two points it charges a lower rate of 

 interest, and it gives greater facilities for recover- 

 ing stolen goods. On the other hand, it is said 

 that officialism, which must prevail where a large 

 staff is employed, makes it more difficult for the 

 poor to obtain advances. 



The rules of English common law which apply- 

 to a contract of pawn are founded in part upon 

 the Roman law. The pawnbroker acquires what 

 is sometimes called a special property in the goods 

 deposited ; he has a right to retain them, and, if 

 the debt be not paid within the stipulated time, 

 he has a right to sell ; if the sale produces more 

 than the amount of the debt, he must account for 

 the surplus. The pawner has a right to redeem at 

 any time before sale ; interest is not due unless 

 there is an express or implied contract to pay. 

 These rules are considerably modified by the Pawn- 

 brokers Act, 1872, which applies to all persons 

 who make a business of taking chattels in pawn, 

 including the keeping of what in England are 

 called dolly-shops, and what in Scotland used to 

 be called 'wee brokers.' Every pawnbroker is 

 required to take out a license ; unless in business 

 before 1872 he must obtain a certificate of fitness 

 from a magistrate or a petty sessions court before 

 taking out a license. Pawnbrokers are required 

 to keep books in a prescribed form ; their shops 

 are made liable to be searched under a magistrate's 

 warrant. A ticket must be given on receiving 

 goods in pawn ; the pawnbroker may charge one 

 halfpenny per month on each 2s. advanced ; and 

 there is also a small charge for the ticket. These 

 charges are high, or rather would be high if the 



