gtt 



PAWN I 



PAYMASTEK8 



imwnbroker were in the name position ax an ordi 

 nary money lender : lint it must U- MMMlbwed 

 that tin- risk- ( thi- husin.-s.s are considerable. 

 anil also that tin- Uirrower obtains a laiger 

 advance hy rea>on of tin- high interest. PledgM 

 are to be 'n-deemahle within twelve MOOthl anil 

 even days: if pledge over UK in value i- sold 

 for more' than the loan iiml profit due. the |wn- 

 brokcr must account for tin- Hiir|>lu- on demand. 

 These rule* apply to any loan not aU.ve I'll) ; hut 



in thcca f ik loan f more than 2 he rules of 



tin- act may I"- excluded by s|.ecial contract. The 

 art extend- I" Scotland. Bpeotal enactments have 

 U-en made in regard t" persons pawning or icc.-iv 

 in- in pawn property belongbg to public author- 

 itii-s eg. sol. tiers' arms and UBinrOM. Sit- Tinner'- 

 <;,,,t,;,:t ,,f I'liirn. when- tin- statutes relating to 

 this -uhject an- summarised. 



Th.- law of the t'nitcd States is the English law. 

 :i- altered by tin- legislation of each state : hut the 

 law of Loui-iana. which is French in it- origin, 

 approximate- more closely to the Roman, ami i- 

 free from the peculiarities of the Kngli-h system. 

 In New York the rate is limited to i~> |MT cent, per 

 annum on article* worth less than i">, and to 7 

 per wnt. on articles of higher value. The rate 

 usually charged i, however, 3 per cent |ier moiiili, 

 and there are generally further charges for storage 

 and safe keeping. 



PawiH'I'S. a tribe of American Indians (q.v.). 

 who formerly resided in Nebraska, with branches 

 iding into Kansas and Texas. They surren- 

 dered their lands south of the Platt.- hy irealy in 

 : siilh-rcd much thereafter at the hands of 

 their licicditary enemies, the Sioux ; and in 1876 

 removed, only -Xrlti strong, to a reservation of 

 283,020 acres' in Indian Territory. In Ivs7 they 

 niiinliered only (MS. See (IrinneU'- /'.no,,, Iliro 

 - (New York, 1889). 



l'a\\ llick*t. a city of KhiMle Island, on the 

 Pawtueket Kiver. 4 miles hy rail N. of Providence. 

 A fall of nearly 50 feet on the river, and its 

 proximity to the ca. caused it to l>e selected hy 

 Samuel Slater, in I7HO. an the site of the first 

 rotton factory in the I'niied Slate,, li now con- 

 tains numerous large milU. where cot ton*, woollens, 

 haircloth, and thread are manufactured, U-si.les 

 great raliro piintini.' works, and hleaching and 

 dyeing extahlishmeiitK, \c. Pawtueket was settled 

 al>ut 1655, and hettame a city in 1H86. Pop. 

 , Isso I . .,33 ;( 1900 139,231. 



Pa\. x " KISS. 



I*a\O, '>ne of the Ionian Islands, lies south ca>t 

 of Corfu. !IM- with the smaller island of Anii|>a\o 

 (I w|. m.) an area of 84 w). in. ami a pop. of ;,IKKI. 

 and priKlnci-s wine, ofives and olive .oil, almonds, 

 oranges, lemonn, &C. Capital, (iaion, the seat of a 



bltlnp 



PaXton. Silt .liisKI-ll. Knglish archil, 

 horticulturist, was horn at Milton llrvant, near 

 Wol.iirn. IU-.lfor.l-liiri'. on :d August ' I sn:i II.- 

 iN-gan life a a working gardener in the service of 

 the liuke of |e\,,i ('hiswick. and wax 



thence tranferrl to ( 'lmtworth : there he was put 

 in charge of the gardens, and entirely remodelled 

 them, and wa* made manager of tin- .inke's m-rl.y- 

 i-hirecMAte-.. Tin- e\p.-iieiii-f In- ohtained in .1. 

 ing cai.nci.ni-- gl:i.> i-oii-erviitorie at ('liatsworth 

 (ii.v ) ton n. I wider SC..IM- in his proposal for a | 

 ofglamand iron for UieCreat Kxliil.ition i.|.v.) of 

 It wa the first time tliew- mateiials had 



IM-.-II i'in|.|..\ed on Mensjve a wale, and visitor-. 



found an inexhaustilde theme of admiration in a 

 fairy palace M> novel. l>-nutiful. and magniticent. 

 lexign ol.taine.1 for him the honour of knight- 

 h<Ml He then di-igm-d tin- t'rvstjil Pain- 

 S-. di-nlmiii (i|.v. ), and -n|'i intended it* count iiir 



tion from the material* of the exhihition in Hyde 

 Park. He also laid out the terraceH, and planned the 

 M->. with their fountains. racadcs. ,(.-. l>e.-iih-< 

 puhlixhing a very |xipular Votlmif < 'n/nii/iir, he 

 edit*d the IMiinirnl Mmi<i-i>i r . PaDftoH** f'/mr.r- 

 (i'nr>/i/i. I'n: 1. 1 lliitmiii'iil I iii-lif, inn-;/, and other 

 works. He died at Sydenham, Sth June 1865, 

 having represented Coventry since 1854. 



I'a.vmaslor-Keneral, an ..nicer of the liritish 



ministry, hut not of the cahinct, who is charged 

 with superintending the issue of all moneys voted hy 

 p:u liameiit. but ha no control over the sums issued, 

 paving merely on the order of the department con 

 c.-ined. He is always . 'it her a peer or a mcml-r of 



the House of Co ions, and changes with the 



ministry. Sometime- the paymaster general's post 

 is unpaid, its in 18111. The paymaster general is 

 iisi..tc<l hy a treasury lememliiaiicer. and deputy- 

 paymaster for Ireland, and a stall of clerks. 



Paymasters, in the Hritish army, are either 

 'regimental 'or 'district.' Theie is one of the former, 

 either a cnmhatant ollicer or an otlicer of the army 

 |.a\ department, to every regiment of cavalry 

 i except the Life and lloise ( ;uar.ls \ and l.attalion 

 of infannv. He receives drafts each month on the 

 acconntaiit general for the variou- payments which 

 he has to make, and for the sums re<|iiircd l.y the 

 captains, who then open accounts with some local 

 hank, and draw U|MIII them for cash to pay their 

 men, \-c. The amounts of the drafts are hased 

 U]m monthly estimates, and nil expenditure is 



accounted for in the 'pay-lists.' The-e -h.-cked 



I iy the district paymaster (an oflicer of the army 

 pay department I, and audited at the War < Mlice, 

 any wrong payments In'ing disallowed. Ilistii.i 

 pa\ master- al-'o make all authorised payments t.. 

 pei-ons in their districts not dealt with hy the 

 regimental paymasters. On active service and 

 whenever local banks cannot l>e used, cash is 

 carried in ' treasure chests,' which are in charge of 

 the pa.Miui.ster. The Paynutater-sfri/nml is clerk 

 to the paymaster. 



The naval paymaster is for a ship what the 

 militaiy paymaster is for a regiment ; hut in 

 addition he has charge of the provisions, clothing, 

 and miscellaneous stores, as well a* of money. 



Paymasters (till 1844 called fmrsfi-ji) are cm i- 



sioncd olliceix, and rank, according to si-nice, with 

 lieutenants, commanders, and captains. The pay- 

 master or accountant otlicer is responsible for all 

 the accountant and victualling duties of the ship, 



and under the authority of tl aptain makes now 



all disbursements for the naval service, the captain 

 Id-ing held responsible that all accounts aic sent in 

 by the paymaster regularly, and that the balance 

 of cash is correct. Candidates are nominated 

 by the l-'irst Lord of the Admiralty, and, if they 

 successfully pass a limited competitive examina- 

 tion, join as assistant clerks. They must not he 

 ICRS than tiftecn or over seventeen \eais ..t 

 After one year's service, and lieing. seventeen 

 old on pa-sing the neceswvrv examination, they au- 

 ra ted cleiks. After three vwn' service in this 

 rank, and having passed an intermediate examin.i 

 tion. and lieing twcnu one \cais of age. they can 

 for promotion, and if successful thev lereiv.- 

 a commission a- assistant pavmaMcr. ranking; lii-t 

 with sub lieutenants, and after live yean 1 seniority 



with junior lieutenants. From this tii n their 



promotion, except in very rare cases, goes by 

 seniority to paymaster, stall' paymaster, Meet pay 

 master, who ranks with a commander, and pa\ 

 mastet in chief. This latter rank, however, is only 

 given on retiiement. The pay of an assistant clerk 



lid. a day, that of a clerk Is., while an a 

 ant-paymaster's ranges from ."is. to Us. (id. a day 

 according to seniority, with an additional allowance 



