PAYN 



PEA 



821 



of 2s. 6d. a day when in sole charge of a ship. The 

 pay of paymasters, stall' and fleet, &c. rises accord- 

 ing to length of service from 14s. to a maximum of 

 1, 13s. per diem. All secretaries to flag-officers 

 and the secretaries' clerks are now taken from the 

 paymasters and assistant-paymasters. 



Payn, JAMES, a prolific novelist, was born 

 at Cheltenham in 1830, and educated at Eton, 

 Woolwich Academy, and Trinity College, Cam- 

 bridge. In 1855 he published a volume of poems, 

 in 1858 succeeded Leitch Ritchie as editor of 

 C/tambers's Journal, and in 1882 Leslie Stephen 

 as editor of the Cornhill Magazine. Of his hundred 

 novels may merely be named here Lost Sir Massing- 

 4>erd, A Woman's Vengeance, Carlyon's Year, Not 

 Wooed but Won. By Proxy, Thicker than Water, 

 The Talk of the Town, A Perfect Treasure, and The 

 Heir of the Ages ; The Disappearance of George 

 I > i- iff ell and Another's Burden were published in 

 1897. Some critics preferred his shorter stories, 

 essays, and criticisms to his novels, and thought 

 his humour thin. There is much of interest in 

 Some Private Views (1882), Some Literary Recol- 

 lections ( 1884 ), Gleams of Memory, and Some Reflec- 

 tions ( 1894 ). He died 25th March 1898. 



Payne, JOHN HOWARD, born in New York 

 City on 9th June 1792, had for thirty years a 

 successful career as actor and author of plays, 

 chiefly adaptations. The best known were Brutus, 

 Charles If., and Clari, which contains Payne's 

 famons song, Home, Sweet Home. The music (to 

 which perhaps its success was mainly due) is 

 said to have been adapted from a Sicilian air 

 by Sir Henry Bishop. Payne was appointed 

 American consul at Tunis in 1841, and died there, 

 10th April 1852. It is a' singular fact that the 

 iiiiin who wrote Home, Sweet Home had never 

 a home during the last forty years of his life, 

 and died in a foreign land. His remains were, 

 however, taken to America, and buried at Washing- 

 ton in 1883. See his Life and Poems, edited by G. 

 Harrison (Albany, 1875 ; new ed. 1885), and C. H. 

 Brainard's J. H. Payne ( 1885). 



Paysandti, the chief town of the Uruguayan 

 department of that name (5115 sq. m. ; 28,417 

 inhabitants in 1887), is built upon a hill gently 

 sloping from the Uruguay River, 280 miles by rail 

 N\V. df Montevideo. It is a busy port, and con- 

 tains large slaughter-houses, &c. Tinned meat, 

 especially tongues, is exported. Pop. 13,000. 



Paz, LA. See LA PAZ. 



Pea (Pisum), a genus of plants of the natural 

 order Leguminosie, sub-order Papilionacete. Two 

 species, supposed to be natives of the south of 

 Europe and of the East, are very extensively cul- 

 tivated for their seeds (peas), which are the best 

 of all kinds of pulse the Common Pea or Garden 

 Pea (P. satimim) in gardens, and the Field I'ea 

 (P. arvense) in fields ; both of them climbing 

 annuals, with pinnate leaves, ovate leaflets, and 

 branching tendrils in place of a terminal leaflet ; 

 the garden pea distinguished by having two or 

 several flowers on each flower-stalk, the flowers 

 either red or white, more generally white, and the 

 seeds subglobular ; the Held pea having one flower 

 on each flower-stalk, the flowers always red, and the 

 seeds angular from crowding and compression in 

 the pod. But it is not improbable that they are 

 truly one species, of which the garden pea has, 

 through cultivation, departed farthest from the 

 original type. Peas have been cultivated in the 

 East from time immemorial, although the ancient 

 Greeks and Romans do not seem to have been 

 acquainted with this kind of pulse. Its culti- 

 vation was apparently introduced into Europe 

 very early in the middle ages ; and it now 

 extends from warm climates, as India, even to 



very cold latitudes, the plant being of rapid growth 

 and short life. The pea does not appear to have 

 been cultivated in England even in the time of 

 Elizabeth. According to Fuller, they were then 

 brought from Holland, and were accounted ' (it 

 dainties for ladies, they came so far and cost so 

 dear.' The seeds of the garden pea are used for 

 culinary purposes both in a green and in a ripe 

 state, as are also the green succulent pods of some 

 varieties, known as Sugar Peas or Wyker Peas, in 

 which the membrane lining the inside of the pod 

 parchment-like in most kinds is much attenuated. 

 Field peas are used both for feeding cattle and for 

 human food. For the latter purpose peas are often 

 prepared by being deprived of the membrane which 

 covers them, in a particular kind of mill ; they are 

 then sold as Split Peas, and are much in use for 

 making Pea Soup. They are also ground into 

 meal, which is used in various ways, chiefly for 

 making a kind of pottage and unleavened bread. 

 In the countries bordering on the Mediterranean 

 peas are roasted in order to eating. 



There are innumerable varieties of the garden 

 pea, but very few of the field pea, those of the 

 former l>eing so much the products of horticultural 

 art that they cannot be preserved without the 

 utmost attention. Some of the kinds of garden 

 peas have long stems, and require for their sup- 

 port stakes 6 or 8 feet in height ; others are of 

 [rambler growth ; and certain dwarf kinds, pre- 

 ferred as most convenient in many gardens, succeed 

 very well without stakes. The largest kinds are 

 sown in rows about 4 or 6 feet asunder. In Britain 

 garden peas are sown at different times from 

 January to the end of June in order to secure a 

 supply of green peas during a considerable part of 

 summer and autumn ; and in the southern parts of 

 the island they are also sown in the end of autumn, 

 a very little protection being sufficient for them 

 during the winter. In the United States early 

 peas are sown either in November or in Feb- 

 ruary or March. Certain small kinds of very 

 rapid growth, known as Early Peas, formerly pre- 

 ferred for the first sowings, although less productive 

 than many others, are now being supplanted in the 

 estimation of gardeners by larger and superior 

 flavoured sorts, which combine the desirable 

 quality of extreme earliness with the size and 

 tenderness of the wrinkled marrow kinds. 



Chalky and other calcareous soils are particularly 

 suitable for peas, if to be used green, and in other 

 soils a good field-crop is seldom obtained unless the 

 land has been well limed, or manured with gypsum. 

 The free use of lime is found to be unfavourable to 

 the quality of field peas which are intended for 

 human food, as peas from soil so treated do not 

 readily melt or 'fall' in boiling, and are therefore 

 more indigestible. 



Market-gardeners in good districts in England 

 find the pea a most profitable crop. Surrey, Bed- 

 fordshire, and Essex are the principal counties 

 whence the supply for the enormous demand for 

 green peas for Covent Garden Market is chiefly 

 drawn. Supplies also are received from France in 

 May, but are inferior in quality to the English. 

 Peas are cultivated to a considerable extent as a 

 field-crop in Britain, but are best adapted to those 

 districts in which the climate is least moist, the 

 seeds being very apt to grow in the pods when 

 moist weather prevails in autumn, by which the 

 crop is injured or destroyed. The most productive 

 kinds, being also in general the most bulky in 

 straw, are very apt to lodge before the pods are 

 filled in wet seasons, and particularly on rich land. 

 The crop is, therefore, rattier a precarious one. 



The haulm or straw of peas is used for feeding 

 cattle ; and for its sake field peas are often reaped 

 before they are quite ripe, great care being taken 



