I'EAUODY 



I'KACK 



in stacking the straw to provide f<ir ventilation, so 

 that it nmy not heal. Pea liaiilin, when cut and 

 drn-d green, u more nitrogenous anil more nutri- 

 tion* than hay. 



Land tn be sown with field peas should ! \.-ry 

 r/m, and ill particular free of couch-grass ; other- 

 w i-e the bent management cannot prevent ita 

 becoming more foul whilst bearing the |>ea crop. 

 The seed ought always to be sown in row* not lem 

 than 20 inches apart. Various means are employed 

 for flowing peas ; they are not unfreqiiently pMOgbed 

 under the fiirmw : hut the seed ought not to be 

 Imried more than 4 incheii under the surface. In 

 tin 1 harvesting of peas the sheaves are generally 

 left loose till the haulm is somewhat dry. In dry- 

 ing it shrinks very much. H' inter field Peat, a 

 variety with very small seeds, are much cultivated 

 in France and Germany, being sown in Oetolx-r, 

 enduring the severest frusta without injury, and 

 ripening; very early. 



Besides being one of its most important agricul- 

 tural and horticultural crops, peas are largely 

 imported into Britain, the quantity sometimes 

 reaching 120,000 quartern. The chief sources are 

 Denmark, Germany, Holland, Morocco, the t'nited 

 States, British North America; and of these Den- 

 mark and the North American colonies send the 

 greater part. As an article of food, if not taken 

 too often or without other food, peas are very 

 valuable, as they contain a large |x>rcentage of 

 catr.in, which is a flesh-forming principle. This 

 principle in the pen has been called legumiii, 

 out chemists are now generally agreed that it is 

 identical with the casein of cheese. The chemical 

 constituents of peas will lie found in the table at 

 DlKT, Vol. III. p. 808; and the dietetic value is 

 discussed at FOOD, Vol. IV. p. Tl'.i. Tinned p.-a-. 

 are much used, but have little of the delightful 

 flavour of this fresh vegetable. 



A plant found on some parts of the shores of 

 Britain, as well as of continental Europe and North 

 America, and known as the Sea IVii, has been 

 commonly referred to the genus 1'isnm, and called 

 P. HiiiritiniiiiH, although Wjinists now generally 

 refer it to (.athynis. It much resembles the com 

 mon |x-a ; has large reddish or purple flowers on 

 many- (lowered stalks; and its seeds have a dis- 

 agreeable hitter taste. Its abundance on the sea- 

 coast at Aldehurgh and Orford, in Suffolk, is said 

 to have saved many persons from death by famine 

 in I'un. The other specie* of I'i-uni nre few. But 

 the name Pea is often given to species of other 

 papilionaceous genera. The Sweet Pea (q.v.) and 

 Everlasting I'ea are species of Ijithyrus. The 

 Chick I'ea (q.v.) is ;i *|x-cies of Cicvr : :unl the 

 \Vixxl or Heath Pea is Oroiiut tulierutta. The 

 pods of peas are often injured by the Pea-lieetle 

 ( llrwhtu piti), a small coleopterous insect; by tin- 

 Pea maggot, the caterpillar of a moth (Tortrix 

 put); and by the Pea-weevils (Si'tuna rrinitn and 

 >. ///(..it'll, small cole. iptcrous insects. 



Prnbody, a village and township of M:i :: 

 chnsetis. lr, miles NNK. of Boston. Formerly 

 railed South Danvers, its name was changed in 

 1888 in honour of (ieorge PealNxly. who was Ixirn 

 here. The village contains the I'cnlxidy lii-titute, 

 and the township has manufactures of carriage*, 

 ! ither, and glue. Pop. (1880)9028; (lOCNI) ll,.V.':t 



PrntMMly. Li' 1 !.'.!. American merchant and 

 philanthropist, was bom at South Dninci- M 

 chnseltx. February IN. IT'.l.Y His parents, who 

 were dewendi-d from the Paylxxlvft of Si Alhans, 

 Hertford-hire. wen- jxxir. ami hi" only eilucation 

 was received at the di-trici school. At the age of 

 u he wa* placed with a grocer, and at fifteen 

 in a haberdasher's shop in Newhun |>ort. He was 

 manager of a store in Georgetown for a time ; in 



1814 he became a partner in the dry -goods house of 

 Klisha Kiggs in Baltimore, and head-partner of 

 this firm in IN'JJI. In 1827 he first \i-itcd Kngland, 

 where he afterwards settled MRMMBtljT. He 

 established himself in London in 1 837 ax a mci 

 chant and money -broker, and accumulated a large 

 fortune. He invested largely in I'nited State- 

 Inuiils during the civil war; and thin, coupled with 

 integrity, industry, and splendid capacity in 

 finance, was the secret of his marvellous success. 

 As one of three commissioner- appointed in IK4K 

 hv the state of Maryland to obtain the restoration 

 of ita credit, 'he refused all pa\ nient. and received 

 a special vote of thanks from the legislature of that 

 state. In 1851 he supplied the sum required to lit 

 up the American department at the Great ExhiM- 

 tion. That same year he started his 4th of July 

 dinners, which wen- of some account in fostering 

 good feeling between England and America. Our 

 ing his lifetime IValiody gave away in all more 

 than one and a half millions sterling for philan- 

 thropic purposes. 



Amongst his gifts were $10,000 to the second 

 Grinnell expedition, under Dr Kane ; $200,000 to 

 the Pealxxly Institute, South Danvers (now Pea- 

 IHKJV); $50,000 to an institute in North Danvers; 

 S-UKMUKHI to I'ealxidy Institute, Baltimore ; $25,000 

 to Phillips Andover Academy, and (25,000 to 

 Kenyon College ; $150,000 to found an institute 

 of archaeology at Harvard, and a like sum for a 

 department of physical science. His two large-t 

 gilts were $3,500,000 for the Southern Education 

 Fund, and his contributions towards building 

 industrial homes in London, which in all amounted 

 to 500,000. Recognition of his Ix-nelicence a- 

 made by the United States government, while the 

 Queen offered him a baronetcy or tin 1 Grand Cross 

 of the liath. He refused these honours, and was- 

 asked what he would accept. His reply was : ' A 

 letter from the Queen of Kngland which I may 

 carry across the Atlantic and deposit as a memorial 

 of one of her most faithful sons.' The Queen's 

 letter acknowledged his 'more than princely muni- 

 ficence:' to this she added her portrait, and Ixith 

 were de]tosited in the Pealxxly Institute. South 

 Danvers. Pealxxly testified that his giving was 

 really a triumph over a naturally parsimonious 

 dis|xisition : he lived and dressed plainK. 'The 

 brave, honest, noble .hearted friend of mankind,' 

 as the Hon. K. C. Winthrop called him. died in 

 London. November 4, 1869. The residue of his 

 fortune, amounting to upwards of 1,000,000 stcr 

 ling, was left to his relatives. After a funeral 

 service in Westminster Abbey his remains en- 

 con veyed to America in the English war ship 

 Miimirrh, and laid Ix-side those of his mother at 

 South Danvers. There are statues of Pealxxly in 

 London and Baltimore. In 18S!) the London Pea- 

 body trustees had eighteen groups of industrial 

 buildings in various parts of the city, their rooms 

 Ix-ing occupied by 20,000 persons. Tin- net gain 

 from rents and interest was 30,000. See / //. 

 by P. A. Hanaford (1882), and Itoliert Cochrane's 

 Acnefieent and UteftU Lives (1890). 



Pfare is a term of important significance in 

 law. International law regards peace as the nor- 

 mal relation of one state to another ; this relation 

 is disturlxvl by war, but when war is over the com- 

 hat. -ints revert to their former rights, except in so 

 far as these may have lieen altered by the war. 

 In municipal law peace means the protection 

 accorded to subjects of an established authority; 

 thus, vassals were within the peace of their feudal 

 lord. All subjects are within the peace of tin- 

 sovereign, and judges ami justices are appointed 

 to keep i he pea"e wit bin their respective jurisdic- 

 tion*. A person who commits an assault, or other- 

 wise wantonly invades the rights of another, is- 



